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THE COVER

Scarlet Oak, Fairmount Cemetery, Denver

Photo by E. Alan Rollinger and Andrew R. Knauer

THE GREEN THUMB

VOL. THIRTY, NUMBER ONE

Editorial Committee
Mrs. Walter Ash
Mrs. William H. Crisp
Dr. William G. Gambill, Jr.
Mrs. Phil Hayward
Dr. A. C. Hildreth
Mrs. Solange Huggins
Mrs. Robert Kosanke
Mrs. Norton Novitt
Mrs. J. V. Petersen, Chairman
Dr. Moras L. Shubert
Miss Margaret Sikes
Mrs. J. P. Steele, Jr.
Dr. Helen Marsh Zeiner
Mr. Wes Woodward, Editor

Published by Denver Botanic Gardens, 909 York Street, Denver, Colorado 80206.

Sent free to all members of the organization. Junior membership $2.50, Regular $7.50,
Participating $15.00, Supporting $25.00, Contributing $50.00. Business and Educational
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By becoming a member of Denver Botanic Gardens, you will receive THE GREEN THUMB and
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For further information write to Membership Chairman, Botanic Gardens House, 909 York Street,
Denver, Colorado 80206, or call 297-2547.

Copyright 1973 by Denver Botanic Gardens, Inc.

The (mi Thumb

Copyright 1973
WES WOODWARD-EDITOR

SPRING, 1973

WHAT HAS HAPPENED TO OUR TREES?

A three-part article by James R. Feucht

One: Untimely Snows Plus Record Lows

Equal Plant Woes. 3

Two: Structural Changes in Freeze-Injured

Plants . 6

Three: Long-Range Effects from the

Storms. 9

Physiology of Freezing Injury and Cold

Hardiness — Bert T. Swanson . 12

Observations Following the Freezes of 1969 and

1971 — James R. Feucht, Bert T. Swanson . 17

Selection of Shade Trees for Denver — High Plains

Conditions — Andrew R. Knauer . 20

Exotics of Colorado — Daffodil - Helen Marsh Zeiner . 26

Plant Auction to Plant Sale — Bernice Petersen . 28

1

WHAT HAS HAPPENED TO OUR TREES IN THE LAST THREE YEARS?

That is the question The Green Thumb put to Dr. James R. Feucht. Can you
summarize the effects of the early storms of 1969 and 1971? What are the
physiological effects — the effects on the functions of the living organisms in the
trees? What are the structural changes that have taken place, and what will be
the long-range effects? What observations have you made yourself and what have
others observed as to tree damage in the Denver area? Tell us what you have
learned about the proper selection of trees for this region.

Dr. Feucht responded with enthusiasm, enlisting Dr. Bert T. Swanson and
Andrew R. Knauer in the project. The following fascinating and enlightening study
is perhaps the first and only in-depth report on storm damage to Denver area trees
in recent years. It shows us that much has been observed and learned . . . and that we
still have much to learn on this subject. It tells all of us some of the basic facts that
we need to know if we are to grow trees successfully and continue to have a beautiful
environment.

2

WHAT HAS HAPPENED TO

OUR TREES

IN THE LAST THREE YEARS?

James R. Feucht

PART ONE

UNTIMELY SNOWS PLUS RECORD LOWS
EQUAL PLANT WOES

Anyone who has lived in Colorado for
very long knows that the weather can be
quite fickle, changing rapidly from warm
to cold and back to warm again. The
coldest temperature recorded in the 100
years of record-keeping in Denver was
29° below zero on January 9, 1875; the
warmest was 105° on August 8, 1878.
These extremes in temperature, however,
are only a matter of record and mean
little except perhaps at the time they
occur to the people who are experiencing
them. Such records of temperature ex¬
tremes also mean little as far as their
influence on plant growth unless, of
course, an extreme change occurs at a
time when the plant cannot adjust to it
or when temperature changes are so
rapid that acclimation cannot take place.
Such was the case in October 1969 in
the Denver metropolitan area as well as
in other regions in north and central
Colorado.

In case you have forgotten, let us look
back into the meteorological records and
see what happened: The preceding month,
September, was much like August in that
temperatures were quite warm but also a
little like May in that precipitation was
above normal. Trees and shrubs continued
to flourish, some even putting on an extra
flush of growth. Even in the first 2 days
of October in that year, daytime tem¬
peratures were in the high 70’s and into
the 80’s (85° on October 2) and night¬
time temperatures remained sufficiently

warm to make a jacket unnecessary for
an evening outdoor cookout. All this
changed quickly however when, on Octo¬
ber 3, Coloradans were hit with a heavy,
wet snow which, in Denver, accumulated
to depths up to 16 inches and another
heavy snowfall on October 11 and 12.
Temperatures dropped rapidly but not as
low as recorded history for those dates
and little freeze damage occurred because,
in addition, plants were protected by the
insulating blanket of snow. Massive limb
breakage, however, did occur.

Sudden Cold

Limb breakage would have been the
only real concern had it not been for the
fact that temperatures plunged to as low
as 3°F. above zero (8° in downtown
Denver) on October 13. Temperatures
remained low for several days.

Of prime concern to most was the
mop-up operation to remove broken
limbs from trees, lawns and streets. To
many horticulturists, however, a more
grave concern was already under study:
that of the effects of sudden low tem¬
peratures never before recorded so early
in the year. Nurserymen began to assess
potential losses, university scientists at¬
tempted to discover in advance what
losses might result. But, because there
has been no previous experience and no
records to fall back on, it soon became
evident that trying to determine the

3

extent of freeze damage to any plant
was difficult and, at best, an educated
guess.

Shortly after the devastating freeze a
group of nurserymen and C.S.U. Exten¬
sion staff members conducted a visual
survey through some of the parks and
nurseries in an attempt to find which
species of trees would probably die,
which ones would be partially injured
and those which came through unscathed.
A common test tool for this study was a
pocket knife or a fingernail, gouging out
small portions of the bark, observing the
color beneath the bark. Where browning
of the bark was evident the plant was
considered injured; if black, a total loss.
This led to a long list of species which
they thought would not survive the
freeze. These included Newport Plum,
various varieties of crabapple, Chinese
(Siberian) elm, various species of willows
and cottonwoods, soft (silver) maple and

Daily maximum, minimum temperatures and
snow depths, September 15 through Octo¬
ber 15, 1969. Based on Local Climatological
Data, U.S. Department of Commerce, Staple-
ton International Airport records. Chart pre¬
pared by author.

Daily maximum and minimum temperatures,
and snow depths, August 20 through Septem¬
ber 19, 1971. Based on Local Climatological
Data, U.S. Department of Commerce. Stapleton
International Airport records. Chart prepared
by author.

many others. So many plants were thus
tested that it was jokingly said that . . .
“the trees may die from fingernailitis
rather than the freeze.”

Cell Damage

The author also conducted some ana¬
tomical studies which will be discussed
more fully on page 6. These studies
showed apparent massive damage to the
cell structure; anyone looking at them
would say at first glance that the plants
were a total loss. Other studies were
conducted using forced nursery stock
supplied by Brown & Sons Nurseries,
Western Evergreen Nurseries, Swingle Tree
Surgeons and the Denver City Nursery.
One study was made by students at Com¬
munity College of Denver, North Campus,
under the direction of Jim O’Shea, Horti¬
culturist at the college, and Dan Nelis of
Nelis Tree Surgeons, then on the faculty

4

of the college. A similar study was con¬
ducted in the City of Denver greenhouses
by the author. In both cases, data was
collected on the apparent freeze damage
and then on the ability of the plant to
develop new growth after being forced
in the greenhouse. It was felt that these
studies would provide some early
predictions.

Despite all the observations, no reliable
predictions on survival could be made
and, as it later turned out, many plants
thought to be totally dead not only sur¬
vived but resumed normal growth. On
the other hand, some plants that were
thought to be in good condition shortly
after the freeze failed to resume growth
the following spring or, more surprisingly,
grew reasonably well the first year only
to succumb the following year. Some of
these observations are discussed in greater
detail on page 11.

Another Freeze

As if the 1969 freeze was not enough,
another severe freeze occurred in Sep¬
tember of 1971. This was not at first
considered to be serious because the tem¬
perature drop was not as dramatic as in
1969. Yet it was 25 days earlier than the
October 1969 freeze, occurring on Sep¬
tember 19, when temperatures plunged
to an all-time low of 27°. We now know
that this freeze caused just as much, if
not more damage to woody plants. Per¬
haps one reason for this freeze being

Bark slough of crab from
freeze injury

more devastating was that it was pre¬
ceded by the October 1969 freeze and
many plants had not yet fully recovered.
Observations of the damage from the
1971 freeze are discussed by Dr. Bert
Swanson on page 18.

To understand better what happens
when a sudden freeze occurs one must
delve into the internal chemistry of a
plant, including its normal changes which
occur in late summer and early fall as it
goes into a dormancy period. These phys¬
iological processes are discussed in the
following article by Dr. Bert Swanson.

Side effects from a freeze are long-
ranging and widely varied. Many side
effects from the 1969 freeze and that of
1971 are still being felt and some of the
injuries will be recorded by the plants
themselves as disfigured tissues buried
beneath the bark only to be rediscovered
when the tree is pruned or cut down.
These side-effects are discussed on
page 11.

Man cannot modify nature sufficiently
to prevent these untimely snow storms
and freezes. If we are to maintain green
plants in an area such as Denver, which
at one time was virtually treeless, we
must select them properly. Andy Knauer,
on page 20, will discuss tree selection
from the standpoint of hardiness.

5

OUR TREES

PART TWO

STRUCTURAL CHANGES
in

FREEZE-INJURED PLANTS

When plant tissues are killed by
freezing and then thawed they lose con¬
siderable structural strength. This phe¬
nomenon is often seen in house plants
kept too close to a window during sub¬
zero weather. The frozen portions of the
foliage touching the glass will, when
thawed, rapidly become limp, water-
soaked in appearance and dark in color.
Until recently, this loss in structural
strength was usually attributed to “ice
crystal rupture” of the plant cells, caus¬
ing them to lose turgidity because of
free water escape. This explanation is
now generally discounted (Weiser, 1970;
Newman, 1966; Lovelock, 1953, and
others) in favor of good evidence that
cells die and lose structural properties as
a result of water moving out of cells to
extra-cellular ice nuclei, causing a dehy¬
dration of cell contents. (Figure 1) While

Figure 1 - Diagramatic representation of de-
naturation of cells following freezing caused
by water moving out of cells by osmosis (left,
arrows) to extra-cellular spaces. Ice crystals
enlarge as shown on right, but merely distort
cells rather than rupture them. Death appar¬
ently occurs when cell contents is concentrated
or dehydrated.

researchers do not completely agree on
the exact sequence of events during
freezing, the theories (principally two
are now considered by plant scientists)
come to the same or similar conclusions
on the actual cause of cell death: de-
naturation of cellular contents resulting
in loss of vital water. (Weiser, 1970;
Tamanov and Krasavtsev, 1959, from
Weiser, 1970.)

Visual Discolorations in Frozen Stems
Misleading

Microscopic studies of selected plants
and plant tissues were performed by the
author following the October 1969 freeze.
In most species studied, injured tissue
was selected on the basis of visual dis¬
coloration of exposed tissues and com¬
pared with apparently unfrozen tissues
taken from the same plant. The latter
were invariably found where branches
had been protected beneath a heavy layer
of snow. Other samples for comparison
were obtained through the efforts of the
late Dr. Ray Ure, Horticulture Super¬
intendent, Western Slope Branch Stations,
Grand Junction, where the freeze had
not occurred. To prepare the samples
for observation, thin slices were made
through the stems using a sharp razor
blade. The sections were then dropped
into a small quantity of mineral oil to
reduce drying of samples during observa¬
tions and preparation of camera lucida
drawings.

Species selected for detailed studies
were European Cranberrybush, Viburnum
opulus. Vanguard Crab ,Malus ‘Vanguard’
and Radiant Crab, M. ‘Radiant’. In all
cases, tissues exhibiting brown discolora¬
tion showed many distorted or flaccid
cells and those not discolored were nor-

6

mal or turgid. (Figure 2) This finding
gave rise to hopes that one could predict
the degree of freeze injury to woody
plants on the basis of staining or dis¬
coloration of the wood and the amount
of actual tissue showing discoloration.
Subsequent reviews of literature showed
that it was not quite that simple.

In an unpublished report prepared by
Dr. A. C. Hildreth, Director Emeritus,
Denver Botanic Gardens, it was pointed
out that . . . “to the unaided eye, cold-
injured tissues may appear uniformly
brown, which under the microscope
shows only scattered cells discolored.”
(Note apparent illusion in Figure 2) He
further pointed out that this optical
illusion was recognized as early as 1830
(Goppert, 1830). Dr. Hildreth cited
■ several other references reporting the
same thing. These investigators also ob¬
served that tissues appearing brown fol¬
lowing a freeze may often return to the
color found in unfrozen plants and that
normal to near normal growth may
resume.

These studies, though merely confirm¬
ing previous work by others, gave ample
support for warnings to nurserymen and
homeowners not to be . . . “in too much
rush to destroy plants that look brown
under the bark.” (METRO HORTI¬
CULTURE, Vol. 4, No. 3, December,
1969; Rocky Mountain News, March 14,
1970). Unfortunately, the warnings were
not released soon enough for some, and
large quantities of nursery stock were
already being dumped based largely upon
stem discoloration.

Later evidence from forcing studies,
page 17, and actual recovery in the field,
showed surprising growth of some plants
which were earlier shown to have very
much discolored tissues.

Frost Cracks and Cup-Shakes

Even if stem discoloration was not a
reliable indicator of freeze injury, other
macroscopic injuries were readily evident
in many woody plants. The most obvious

Figure 2 - Camera lucida drawings prepared
from thin cross-sections of Vanguard Crab stem
unfrozen (top) and frozen (bottom). Note
darkened and distorted cells in frozen tissue,
particularly in the cortex, phloem and rays
(arrow). Note also that the lower drawing gives
the illusion of being darker over-all even though
only about 25 percent of the cells are darker.
(Magnification approx. 80X)

structural change was a physical separa¬
tion of the bark from the wood (xylem)
and radial splits or cracks which often
penetrated deep into the tree. These
injuries are called “frost crack” (when
separation occurs radially) and “cup¬
shaking” when a separation of bark or
annual rings occurs. (.Figure 3) Frost
crack and cup-shaking are the result of
differential temperatures in the tissues of
the tree following a sudden air tempera¬
ture change. This results in uneven con¬
traction, thus a splitting or separation
occurs.

Such happenings are not at all new to
Colorado and can happen in trees well
acclimated to cold. An unofficial report
for the winter of 1948-49 blames a sud¬
den and severe drop in temperature for
the loss of sour cherries near Fort Collins.

7

It was reported that temperatures drop¬
ped from 50° to minus 40° in less than
24 hours! This rapid a temperature drop
caused such sudden frost crack and cup¬
shaking that the orchards resounded with
loud, gunshot-like sounds.

In the 1969 freeze, many trees were
damaged or totally destroyed by severe
frost cracking and cup-shaking. In others,
only hair-line, hardly discernable cracks
occurred. These hair-line cracks became
more evident as warm spring weather
arrived and disease organisms, principally
the Cytospora fungi, emerged in profu¬
sion from the exposed tissues. (See
page 9 for more on this subject.)

Cracking and splitting was most com¬
mon just above the juncture of branches,
on the undersides of branches and near
the bases of trees. Cracking occurred
more readily at these points because the
stem tissues immediately above crotches
are in an area known as “branch gaps” or
“vascular gaps” and tend to be by-passed
by the “chemical messengers” responsible
for cold acclimation. It is possible that
these gaps are also higher in free water.

Cracking on undersides of branches
is probably the result of open exposure
to cold air in contrast to upper branch
surfaces protected by heavy snow. That
this was the case became apparent by
comparing freeze damage from trees
which were relieved of the snow load
with those left snow-covered. More in¬
jury, including bark splitting on upper
branch surfaces, was observed on plants
cleared of snow than on those not
cleared.

Frequent bark splitting at the bases of
tree trunks, particularly in smooth-barked
young trees, is attributed to the normal
sequence of hardening-off of trees. Upper
portions tend to harden-off sooner than
lower portions. (This phenomenon also
gave rise to the age-old but incorrect say-

Figure 3 - Diagram of radial “frost crack 7 ’
(left) and bark separation (cup-shaking ). Both
occurred in certain trees in the 1969 and 1971
freezes.

ing that “the sap rises in the spring and
drops in the fall.”)

Crabapples, cherry, plum, Siberian
elm, mountain ash, goldenraintree ( Koel -
reuteria), silver maple and peach were
among the types of trees most frequently
encountered with frost crack and cup¬
shaking injuries.

Repair of Frost Crack and
Cup-Shake Injuries

Trees which lost entire rings of bark
are usually considered a total loss even
though they may survive one more grow¬
ing season, as was observed in many
fruit trees following the 1969 freeze.
Unless the old orchardists’ practice of
“inarch” grafting was employed as soon
as possible in the spring the plant would
die from starved roots because food¬
conducting layer (phloem) in the bark
has been interrupted.

Many trees, however, did not lose an
entire ring of bark and continued to
thrive through 1972. Where only minor
splitting occurred, complete healing has
taken place. In others, complete wound
repair by the tree’s own healing tissues
may take a decade or more. Prompt
wound tracing and application of tree
wound dressings can enhance wound
repair.

8

OUR TREES

PART THREE

LONG-RANGE EFFECTS
FROM THE STORMS

The limb-breaking snow storms and
early fall freezes of 1969 and 1971 have
resulted in long-range side effects, often
resulting in more serious consequences
than limb-breaking and freeze injury
themselves. This article will attempt to
describe some of the variety and most
frequently observed side effects which
can definitely be attributed to these
storms.

Perhaps the most common injury re¬
sulting from freeze damage was radial
splitting of the bark in many trees and
shrubs. In some cases these were merely
hairline cracks hardly discernable to the
untrained eye. These hairline cracks, how¬
ever, became quite evident in the spring of
1970, following the 1969 freeze, pre¬
dominantly in certain species of willows,
cottonwoods, mountain ash and stone
fruits.

These plants are highly susceptible to
a disease known as cytospora canker.
This disease, particularly Cytospora
chrysosperma, is a fungus organism which
finds its way into the open wounds in
woody plants and invades plant tissues.
Under favorable conditions, generally
during the humid, warm days of spring,
a fruiting stage develops and proliferates
from the bark crevasses. This fruiting

Small black or orange colored raised spots on
branches are fruiting structures of Cytospora.
Such infected branches, 1 to 1-1/2 inches in
diameter, must be removed and burned.

References Cited

Feucht, James R. 1969. Freeze Damage. METRO HORTICULTURE, Colorado State
University Extension Service 4(3). December, 1969.

Feucht, James R. 1970. Those Fall Snow Storms. Rocky Mountain News, March 14, 1970.

Feucht, James R. 1970. More on the Freeze. The Green Thumb. Autumn, 1970.
pp. 115-118.

Feucht, James R. 1970. The October Freeze. METRO HORTICULTURE, Colorado State
University Extension Service 5(2) April, 1970.

Goppert, H. R. 1830. Uber die Warmeentwickelung in den Pflanzen; deren Gefrieren und
die Schutzmittle gegen dasselbe. 1-273. Breslau.

Hildreth, A. C. Unpublished paper. Undated.

Lovelock, J. 1953. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 10, 414.

Newman, E. and P. Kramer. 1966. Plant Physiol. 41, 606.

Weiser, C. J. 1970. Cold Resistance and Injury in Woody Plants. Science. 169(3952)
1269-1278.

9

stage is generally a bright orange to rust
red color. Some plants, following the
freezes, were so heavily infested with the
disease that the branches and twigs ap¬
peared to be coated with a red-orange
velvet. Numerous calls were received in
May, 1970, by County Extension offices
and the Denver Botanic Gardens regard¬
ing this phenomenon.

The Fungus

Species most frequently attacked by
the cytospora fungus included Wisconsin
Weeping Willow, Salix blanda, and similar
introduced willows. Also affected were:
goat willow, S . caprea; introduced vari¬
eties of cottonwood, Populus spp.;
European Mountain Ash, Sorbus aucu-
paria; and soft maple Acer saccarinum.
While some damage was noted on a few
of the native willows and cottonwoods,
the incidence was much less than in intro¬
duced species or hybrids such as Carolina
Poplar, Populus canadensis ‘Eugeni’.

Several other canker diseases also ap¬
peared but were of less importance and
may not have been attributable to freeze
damage. Among these cankers were hy-
ploxylon canker in aspen, nectria canker
in several species but primarily those in
the rose family such as crabapple and
some unidentified bleeding cankers in
honeylocust. The latter may have been
the result of a common “lesser borer”
insect but no actual larvae were ever
found.

Some honeylocust, particularly new
nursery stock, were also found to have
cytospora canker in the spring of 1972.
In most cases, however, this was not
directly attributed to freeze damage be^
cause the stock had been recently shipped
into Colorado. Freeze damage could be
considered an indirect cause because the
freezes resulted in a high incidence of
cytospora along the eastern slope of
Colorado, thus resulting in many more
sources of infection.

The Borers

Another very serious side effect from
the freezes was a weakening of many
trees, causing them to be easy targets for
certain wood-boring insects. The common
lilac borer, Podesesia syringae syringae,
increased at alarming rates in its attack on
green ash, Fraxinus pennsylvanica lanceo¬
late , peach tree borer, Sanninoidea exiti-
osa, also increased in incidence. Peaches
and plums frequently exhibited an exuda¬
tion of an amber colored substance from
the bark. This exudation, often associated
with peach tree borer, is referred to as
gumosis.

Many other types of borers seem to be
in higher populations than normal. Un¬
fortunately, control of borer insects, once
they have entered the tree, are difficult,
if not impossible or at least impractical,
to remove. Thus, many trees which would
have normally survived the freeze suc¬
cumbed to secondary insect or disease
attack.

Another long-range effect of the
storms, on trees in particular, was the
devastating limb breakage. In many cases,
breakage was so severe that corrective
pruning resulting in nothing more than a
“hatrack” remains of the tree. Such trees,
necessarily overpruned, responded with
profuse suckering. These trees can never
again be returned to their original, natural
shape. Heavily suckered trees are also
weaker by virtue of the latent origin of
the branches and will be subject to further
storm breakage.

Freeze injury resulted in weakened trees which
then were subject to attack by locust borers
such as these.

10

Limb-breakage of Pinyon from heavy snow.

Trees that were not properly pruned
and taken care of soQn after storm break¬
age, while appearing reasonably healthy
even today, may eventually meet an early
death from internal wood decay fungi
that entered through ragged wounds and
stubs left in trees. This is usually a slow
death but invariably results in shortening
its useable life. Such trees may continue
to survive into the 1980’s or even longer,
but many, being structurally weakened,
may eventually blow over in storms.

The Insects

Many people raised false hopes on
possible good effects of the freezes, theo¬
rizing that sudden temperature changes,
causing so much injury to trees, would
also reduce insect populations. There
were even some public statements made
to the effect that freezes would, in fact,
reduce the spread of Dutch elm disease
by reducing the insect vector population
of the European elm bark beetle. Records
for 1970 through 1972 show that the
reverse was the case. Insect populations
of most every type actually increased.
The tussock moth, for example, which
has been denuding the tops of valuable
spruce in the Denver metropolitan area,
reached an all-time high in the spring of
1972. Aphid populations, particularly

willow aphids, and various types of bark
aphids, were in record numbers. The
European elm bark bettle reached a very
high population in 1970 and 1971 and,
as a result, Dutch elm disease climbed at
a fast rate. Apparent reduction in elm
bark beetle populations in the summer of
1972 could not be attributed to previous
climatic conditions but was directly re¬
lated to the intensive elm wood clean-up
program sponsored by Trees for Today
and Tomorrow, an active coalition of
organizations and interested citizens.

There can be no doubt that the effects
of the storms in 1969 and 1971 will be
felt for many years to come. The trees
that have survived will leave a historic
record in the form of distorted tissues
and discolorations buried in the wood.
But, despite all the losses in plants, there
has been some important good resulting
from the storms. Never, since the pioneer¬
ing days in eastern Colorado, has there
been such an awareness that trees and
shrubs in cities like Denver cannot be
taken for granted and that if Colorado
communities wish to have shade, protec¬
tion from wind, and beauty, replanting
and proper upkeep must be a continuing
process on a community-wide basis.

Earl Sinnamon, Swingle Tree Surgeons, points
to freeze damage in crab.

Dr. James R. Feucht is Extension Horticulturist
for the five-county Denver Metropolitan area,
and Extension Associate Professor, Colorado
State University. His degrees, B.Sc., C.S.U.,
M.Sc. and Ph.D., Michigan State University,
are in Horticulture. A Denver native, Dr. Feucht

is the author of seven publications in the area
of Landscape Horticulture and numerous others
in related fields. His interest in and knowledge
of the trees of this region has made him a
recognized authority on the subject.

11

OUR TREES

PHYSIOLOGY OF

FREEZING INJURY AND COLD HARDINESS

Although cold and freezing tempera¬
tures have created many problems and
can cause severe injury to plants, they
are at the same time essential to the repro¬
duction and survival of many species.
Cold temperatures are required to break
dormancy of many plants, they are re¬
quired in vernalization to create the
capacity for subsequent flowering; and of
direct importance to us is the require¬
ment of freezing temperatures to induce
cold hardiness. Freezing injury is nor¬
mally inversely related to cold hardiness
with environmental factors triggering
physiological responses within the plant
for both phenomena. There are many
theories on how freezing injury or death
actually occurs. Cell wall rupture, ice
formation between and within the cells,
and exosmosis of water from the cell all
influenced by the rate of temperature
drop, the minimum temperature, and the
rate of thawing have been proposed as
causal agents for plant injury. White and
Weiser (22) have reported that the rate of
temperature drop is a very important
factor. Arborvitae plants cooled at very
slow rates were not injured at -87°C
whereas this same tissue was killed at
-10° C when cooled at a rate of 8° to 10°
per minute. They indicate that foliage on
the SW sides of arborvitae plants will cool
at this rate in nature when they become
shaded on sunny winter days.

With the exception of sudden shade
being created by a hill or building, air
temperatures normally decrease only a
few degrees per hour. Such freezing rates
cause ice to occur, first outside of the
protoplast of the cells where water is the
purist. According to Levitt (12) and
Tumanov and Krasavtsev (19), hardy

Dr. Bert T. Swanson

woody plants can survive such extracellu¬
lar freezing. However, when freezing is
rapid (10° — 100°/min), ice crystals form
within the protoplasm in which case
death almost invariably results (14, 18).
At extremely rapid rates of cooling, cel¬
lular water may solidify without forma¬
tion of crystalline ice (vitrification). Even
non-hardy cells can survive vitrification
to extremely low temperatures (6, 11, 14,
18); thus indicating that ice and not low
temperature causes death.

The above information does not ac¬
count for injury and death of semi-hardy
plants which occurs at temperatures (-15°
to -46°) and at the rate of cooling which
commonly occurs in nature. Weiser (21)
has set forth a detailed sequential descrip¬
tion of slow freezing death. This informa¬
tion is summarized in the following
hypothesis (4, 15, 21):

“Vital water exotherm

During freezing a point is reached
when all readily available water has
been frozen extracellularly and only
‘vital water’ remains in the protoplasm.

As the temperature continues to de¬
crease, vital water is pulled away from
protoplasmic constituents to the extra¬
cellular ice.

This sets off a chain reaction of de-
naturation, additional vital water re¬
lease, and death.”

Cell membrane integrity is a vital
factor for cell survival at any temperature.
Cell membranes maintain compartmental-
ization within the cell which establishes

12

different osmotic pressures to occur
which in turn results in movement of
water as the cell cools. Membranes may
possibly be the primary site of freezing
damage but the evidence for this is not
fully convincing (21). However, changes
in membrane permeability have been
associated with injury and cold hardiness
(12, 16). Therefore, since electrolytic
conductance is related to permeability, it
is suggested that electrolytic conductance
may be a suitable method to measure
cold injury of plants (2, 10). Evert and
Weiser (2) have shown that electrical
conductance can be used to predict the
cold hardiness of Red-osier Dogwood
Cornus stolonifera Michx. stems during
the first stage of cold acclimation. Ketchie
et al. (10) also observed a close correla¬
tion between electrolytic conductance
and survival.

Weiser (21) concludes that freezing in
hardy woody stems is a discontinuous
process and injury is associated with a
distinct freezing point. Thus a point is
reached during the freezing process when
the only water left in the protoplasm is
‘vital water’ or that water which is inti¬
mately associated with protoplasmic con¬
stituents or water necessary for life.
Cooling beyond this critical point results
in additional loss of ‘vital water’, injury,
and death.

How then does a plant prepare itself
to withstand such phenomena? The pro¬
cess by which this preparation occurs is
referred to as acclimation. Cold hardiness
is a general term referring to a plant’s
ability to survive a certain amount of low
temperature stress. Cold acclimation is a
more specific term referring to the phys¬
iological changes taking place in a plant
which allows it to withstand cold stress.
These changes take place in the autumn
to produce a 2-stage pattern of cold accli¬
mation as shown in Figure 1. This 2-stage
acclimation process is typical of many
woody plants native to the temperate
zone (21).

There are environmental, physiological,
and biochemical changes associated with
cold acclimation. The environmental

factors of photoperiod and temperature
serve as stimuli to induce cold acclima¬
tion. These factors are not the only
stimuli involved, however, as they will
not induce acclimation during the spring
flush of growth and a plant will acclimate
to some extent at the end of the growth
cycle in autumn without exposure to
these stimuli. Thus an endogenous cyclic
hardiness rhythm or biological clock is
implicated. However, following the spring
flush of growth, growing plants can gen¬
erally be induced to acclimate. A period
of short days and warm temperatures
followed by a period of low temperatures
usually gives optimum acclimation in
deciduous species.

The first stage of acclimation (Fig. 1)
appears to be induced by short days (7,
17, 20). Decreasing photoperiods cause
growth cessation in many northern decid¬
uous species by triggering the onset of
rest period. Weiser (21) describes rest
period and quiescence as two phases of
the dormant period in plants wherein
dormant-quiescent plants begin to grow
under favorable environmental conditions,
whereas dormant-resting plants will not.

A typical seasonal pattern of cold resistance in
living bark of Cornus stolonifera stems in
Minnesota. In nature acclimation in this hardy
shrub, and a number of other woody species,
proceeds in two distinct stages as shown. The
beginning of the second stage of acclimation
characteristically coincides with the first
autumn frost. (From Weiser (21) ).

13

The key factor in cold hardiness induc¬
tion is growth cessation rather than rest
period induction because low tempera¬
tures can stop growth and bring about
acclimation without inducing rest (7). Al¬
though the increase in resistance during
this first stage is relatively minimal, it
may be significant since just a few degrees
of resistance can make the difference
between life and death in the event of
severe early frosts.

The second stage of acclimation in
nature is induced by low temperatures
(Fig. 1) and the first frost appears to be
the triggering stimuli (7, 19, 20). From
the literature available, Weiser (21) sug¬
gests that the second stage of acclimation
may possibly involve a reorientation of
macromolecules into stable forms which
can resist severe dehydration. These
macromolecules are protein molecules
with hydrophobic residues which are
particularly temperature sensitive.

According to Timanov and Krasavtsev
(19) there also appears to be a third
stage of acclimation in hardy woody
species which is induced by ultralow
temperature (-30° to -50° C). This third
phase may be a physical process associ¬
ated with the reduced intermolecular
distance and thermal motion of molecules
in frozen cells (19).

Considerable emphasis has been placed
on metabolic changes during cold acclima¬
tion and dramatic correlative changes
have been found in almost every group
of compounds examined (21). Most
recent research has been focused on the
changes in protein, specific enzymes,
nucleic acids, sugars, polysaccharides, and
membranes associated with acclimation.
Although this research has provided re¬
sults which can be interpreted to support
almost any hypothesis that has been pro¬
posed, one point is clear, and that is that
many physiological changes are taking
place in plants at a time of year when
one would expect the metabolic ma¬
chinery to grind to a halt as plants be¬
come dormant. Thus, acclimation is an.
active process and not just something that
happens when growth stops.

Hurst et al. (8) have shown that plant
leaves are the site of perception of the
short day. William et al. (23) have re¬
ported that this short day enhancement
of cold acclimation in Comus and Weigela
appears to be phytochrome-mediated.
Howell (7) has shown that a translocatable
substance which is translocated to other
parts of the plant to promote acclimation
is produced in the leaves. Whether this
hardiness promoting factor is a growth
inhibitor, a simple sugar or a regulatory
hormone remains a mystery. It is sug¬
gested however, that the hardiness pro¬
moting factor may be a hormone or a
complex of hormones which plays a
specific and direct role in regulating
acclimation in woody plants (3, 7,9, 21).
Cold acclimation is just as important to
the survival of a species as many other
vital processes (like flowering) for which
intricate control systems are evolved.

Changes in protein systhesis (1, 13)
and determination of RNA and DNA
levels (1, 5, 13), suggest that protein and
RNA play a causal role in cold acclima¬
tion. Gusta and Weiser (5) observed an
increase in RNA mainly ribosomal RNA
during cold acclimation. Little or no
change occurred in DNA. This increase in
ribosomal RNA was closely paralleled by
an increase in water soluble and mem¬
brane bound proteins. As cold hardiness
increased, ribonuclease activity declined,
however, after a killing frost all nucleic
acid fractions rapidly decreased. This was
attributed to increased nuclease activity
resulting in no measurable soluble RNA
or ribosomal RNA within five hours. Thus
it is suggested that this cold hardiness
hormone may exert its regulating function
at the level of nucleic acid transcription
(21), however, further clarification of
specific reactions are required and the
possibility of more than one route to
cold acclimation must not be discounted.

The following research findings sum¬
marize the general physiological phenom¬
ena pertaining to the process of cold
acclimation in woody plants (21):

1) Growth cessation is a necessary

prerequisite to cold acclimation in

14

woody plants; 2) Plants severely
depleted in photosynthetic reserves
cannot acclimate; 3) Leaves are the
site of perception of the short-day
stimulus which initiates the first
stage of acclimation; 4) Low
temperature inhibits the short-day
induced phase of acclimation;

5) Long-day induced leaves are the
source of a translocatable factor(s)
which inhibits cold acclimation;

6) Short-day induced leaves are the
source of a translocatable factor(s)
which promotes acclimation; 7) The
hardiness promoting factor moves

from the leaves to overwintering
stems through the bark; 8) The
hardiness promoting factor from
the leaves of a hardy genotype can
enhance the acclimation of a branch
of a less hardy genotype when the
two are grafted together; 9) Frost

triggers the second stage of acclima¬
tion; 10) The frost induced phase of
acclimation does not involve trans¬
locatable factors; and 11) Plants ex¬
posed to long days and frost will
eventually become fully hardy while
plants exposed to short days and
relatively high temperatures only
become hardy to the level of the
plateau of the first stage of acclima¬
tion (Fig 1).

Although this does not definitely explain
acclimation in woody plants and further
research is required, the data available
indicates that ultimate resistance is the
product of several distinct processes. It
appears that the first stage of acclimation
is an active metabolic process; that the
second stage is metabolic, physical, or
both, and that the third stage is a physical
phenomenon.

Literature Cited

1. Brown, G. N. and S. Sasaki. 1972. Mimosa epicotyl and hypocotyl total protein, total
nucleic acid, and nucleic acid fractionation during induction of cold hardiness.
J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 97:299-302.

2. Evert, D. R. and C. J. Weiser. 1971. Relationship of electrical conductance at two
frequencies to cold injury and acclimation in Cornus stolonifera Michx. Plant
Physiol. 47:204-208.

3. Fuchigami, L. 1970. The environmental, physiological and chemical control of cold
acclimation in Cornus stolonifera Michx. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Minnesota. 113 p.

4. Graham, R. and R. Mullin. 1969. The determination of lethal freezing temperatures
of deciduous azalea florets and stems by a freezing curve method. Abstracts 66th
annual meeting of the Amer. Soc. for Hort. Sci.

5. Gusta, L. V. and C. J. Weiser. 1972. Nucleic acid and protein changes in relation
to cold acclimation and freezing injury of Korean Boxwood leaves. Plant Physiol.
49:91-96.

6. Hazelwood, C. and B. Nichols. 1969. Evidence for the existence of a minimum of
two phases of ordered water in skeletal muscle. Nature 222:747-750.

7. Howell, Jr., G. 1969. The environmental control of cold hardiness in Haralson
Apple. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Minnesota 46 p.

8. Hurst, C., T. Hall and C. Weiser. 1967. Reception of the light stimulus for cold
acclimation in Cornus stolonifera Michx. Hort-Science 2(4): 164.

9. Irving, R. and F. Lanphear. 1967. The long day leaf as a source of cold hardiness
inhibitors. 43:1384-1388.

10. Ketchie, D. O., C. H. Beeman, and A. L. Ballard. 1972. Relationship of electrolytic
conductance to cold injury and acclimation in fruit trees.

11. Krasavtsev, O. 1967. Frost hardening of woody plants at temperatures below zero.
In: Cellular Injury and Resistance in Freezing Organisms. 131-141. E. Asahina (Ed.)
Inst. Low Temp. Sci., Hokkaido Univ., Sapporo, Japan.

12. Levitt, J. 1956. The Hardiness of Plants. Academic Press, Inc., New York, N.Y.

13. Li, P. and C. Weiser. 1966. Evaluation of extraction and assay methods for nucleic
acid from red-osier dogwood and RNA, DNA, and protein changes during cold
acclimation, Proc. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 91:716-727.

15

14. Mazur, P. 1969. Freezing injury in plants. Amm. Rev. PI. Physiol. 20:419-448.

15. McLeester, R., C. Weiser and T. Hall. 1968. Seasonal variations in freezing curves
of stem sections of Cornus stolonifera Michx. Plant and Cell Physiol. 9:807 817.

16. Osterhout, W. J. V. 1922. Injury, recovery, and death in relation to conductivity
and permeability. J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia and London, p. 259.

17. Sakai, A. 1966. Studies of frost hardiness in woody plants II. Effects of temperature
on hardening. Plant Physiol. 41:353-359.

18. Sakai, A. and K.' Otsuka. 1967. Survival of plant tissue at super-low temperature V.
An electron microscope study of ice in cortical cells cooled rapidly. Plant Physiol.
42:1680-1694.

19. Tumanov, I. and O. Krasavtsev. 1959. Hardening of northern woody plants by
temperatures below zero. Soviet Plant Physiol. 6(6):663-673.

20. van Huystee, R., C. Weiser, and P. Li. 1967. A chronology of cold acclimation and
phenological characters in red-osier dogwood under natural and controlled photo¬
period and temperature. Bot. Gaz. 128:200-205.

21. Weiser, C. J. 1970. Cold resistance and injury in woody plants. Science.
169:1269-1278.

22. White, W., and C. Weiser. 1964. The relation of tissue desiccation, extreme cold,
and rapid temperature fluctuations to winter injury of American arborvitae. Am.
Soc. Hort. Sci. 85:554-563.

23. Williams, Jr., B. J., N. E. Pellett and R. M. Klein. 1972. Phytochrome control of
growth cessation and initiation of cold acclimation in selected woody plants.
Plant Physiol. 50:262-265.

OBSERVATIONS

Following the Freezes of 1969 and 1971

Dr. J. R. Feucht and Bert T. Swanson*

16

Community College Observations

Students at Community College of Denver, under the direction of Dan Nelis,
Nelis Tree Service, Boulder, who was also an instructor at the college, set up a
study of the freeze damage in the North Campus greenhouses.

On January 6 and 12, 1970, thirty-five plants**, all in five gallon containers,
were placed in the greenhouse for forcing. General observations of their condition
were made at the start of the study and at least weekly until late March.

The following table summarizes observations made where at least two of a species
were observed.

Species**

No. of
Plants

Condition in January

Condition March 27

Acer saccharinum

Soft Maple

3

Bark “punky”

In full leaf, some tip
die-back. Suckering
at base.

Betula pendula gracilis
Cutleaf Weeping Birch

3

Underbark brown,
dry

Slow in leafing out but
growing well.

Fraxinus pennsylvanica
lanceolata

Green Ash

3

No visible damage

Slow to leaf out but
growing well. Good
root growth.

Gleditsia trincanthos
Skyline Honeylocust

3

Spotty sunscale¬
like discolorations
in branches and
trunk

One did not respond at
all. Two leafed out
slowly. Sprouts ap¬
peared below graft.

Malus sp.

Dwarf Yellow Delicious

2

Underbark dark
brown

One leafed out and
bloomed. The other
failed to leaf out and
is dead.

Malus

‘Radiant’

3

Discolored under
bark, some
shriveling of twigs

All leafed out, flowered
and growing well.

Prunus cistern

Cistena Plum

3

Two showed dis¬
coloration beneath
bark. One looked
normal.

The two that showed
discoloration leafed out
slowly but had die-back.
Suckered from base.

Other grew normally.

*C. S. U. Extension Associate Professor and C. S. U. Asst. Professor, Horticulture
(respectively).

**Plant materials supplied by Stan Brown, Brown & Sons Wholesale Nursery, and Harry
Swift, Western Evergreens Nursery.

It should be noted that the plants under test were subjected to wilting stress five
times by withholding water and increasing greenhouse temperature to 90°F. All

17

plants which had produced some growth recovered fully from these treatments.

Translocation tests were also conducted using red vegetable dye introduced through
the roots. In 24 hours, the dye was evident near the tops of the main leaders and
in 3 days the color was evident to the top and in some lateral branches.

Forcing Study — City Park Greenhouses

A similar forcing study was conducted in City Park greenhouses, Denver. Plants
supplied by Wendell Keller, Denver City Nursery, and Mr. Earl Sinnamon, Swingle
Tree Surgeons, were put in the greenhouse on January 29 and February 10 and 11,
1970. Following are observations made by the author. (Observations made were
between February 18 and April 2. Summary below includes only initial and final
notes.)

Species

Size

February 18, 1970

April 2, 1970

Prunus virginiana

254”

Flowering. Foliage

No fruit set. Foliage

Chokecherry
(plant #1)

cal.

rosetting. Cambial
area brown.

rosetting. No shoot
elongation.

Prunus virginiana

254”

No flowers. (Pruned

5% of shoots 3”-4”

Chokecherry
(plant #2)

cal.

back) Foliage
rosetting. Cambial
area brown.

long. 95% rosetting.

Tilia cordata

Fittleleaf linden

2 1 /4”-3”

Buds swelling

Shoots 3”-6” long.

Feaves normal.

Mai us sp.

3”

Flower buds

Fruit aborted. 20% of

Apple

cal.

visible

leaves rosetted.

Fireblight heavy.

Malus sp.

3”

10% of lateral buds

No flowers. Faterals

Apple

(plants #2 & #3)

cal.

green. Terminals
appeared dead.

rosetted. Heavy leaf-
roller damage.

Juniperus

‘Hetz’

254’-3’

No abnormal con¬
ditions observed

New growth 3”-5” long

Gleditsia triacanthos
(3 plants)

154”-254”

No growth. Twigs
normal color.
Underbark dis¬
colored slightly.

New growth 6”-12”
long. 8-10 leaves
per shoot.

Observations Following 1971 Freeze

The following comments and observations, made by Dr. Bert Swanson, Depart¬
ment of Horticulture, C.S.U., were independent of any previous observations in the
1969 freeze. (Dr. Swanson was not residing in Colorado at that time.) Note, however,
the similarities in extent and types of damages when compared with those of 1969.

The winter of 1971-72 was a particularly hard winter on trees and shrubs over
much of the State of Colorado. The heavy wet snow of September 17, 1971, caused
severe physical damage and injury to many trees and shrubs. Shortly after the

18

snowstorm, temperatures dropped below freezing, followed by a warm period. Great
fluctuations in temperature continued throughout the winter, reaching extremes of
70° above to 20° or more below zero. In addition, there were frequent strong wind
storms which caused additional injury or damage to the vegetation.

Physical breakage and injury to trees was species-, size- and shape-dependent.
Spruce, juniper and pine sustained essentially no physical breakage. Green ash,
Lombardy poplar and honeylocust lost approximately 5 percent of their limbs.
Hackberry, cottonwood and Silver maple lost 10 to 15 percent of their branches;
however, most of the loss in hackberry was due to the presence of weak crotches.
American elm, Russian olive and willow lost 17 to 20 percent of their branches
whereas approximately one-third of the branches from Siberian elm were on the
ground. Larger trees sustained a greater percentage of loss of larger limbs. These
figures are averages. Therefore, they include trees that showed very little injury
but also trees that were totally destroyed.

Much of this physical injury to trees and shrubs was immediately apparent.
However, further investigations of trees and shrubs at various locations in North
Central Colorado .has shown that damage and losses are not limited to physical
breakage but also involves severe physiological injury from freezing and desiccation.
Although most of our trees and shrubs will withstand freezing temperature when
hardened-off, they cannot tolerate freezing temperatures in mid-September while
still in an actively growing state.

Although temperatures did not drop as low as they did in October, 1969, the
September, 1971, freeze occurred about 3 weeks earlier, at which time very few
plants had begun the hardening-off process. Therefore, in some instances, plant
injury was as severe from the September, 1971, freeze as it was from the October,
1969, freeze. This is particularly true of plants which were over-watered or over¬
fertilized in late summer. Trees under stress conditions were not injured as severely
as those growing on wet, fertile sites.

Some species were injured more severely than others. Siberian elm, willow, Sun¬
burst honeylocust, Silver maple and Radiant and Vanguard crabs were most severely
injured. Poplar, birch and many others sustained some injury in specific areas. The
high winds and fluctuating temperatures resulted in desiccation of many plants. This
was most evident in green ash, with birch, American linden and others showing some
effect.

A discolored (mottled, brown or black) cambium layer immediately beneath the
bark, or several dry, brittle branches was evidence of this winter injury. Some trees
were killed back to the ground level, sprouting again from the base. In budded or
grafted varieties, this resulted in a total loss where sprouts arose only from below
the bud or graft.

In many instances, one could not determine immediately how some o f the injured
trees would perform. Some trees leafed out completely and then died. Others are
declining slowly and may continue to do so the next two or three years.

To help overcome any existing damage and to help prevent future injury, it is
beneficial to water and fertilize trees and shrubs in early spring and summer and
withhold water and fertilizer in late summer and early fall until the trees are
completely dormant.

This and previous injury and damage to plants should not be construed to mean
that trees will not grow on the high plains as has been reported. Many trees and
shrubs have indeed withstood the test of time and survived. Nor does this mean that
one should not plant new or different varieties. In fact; such plantings should be
encouraged in order to find hardier and better adapted plant material. One must,
however, know what is required for survival and one must facilitate the plants in
adapting to the hazards of any given area.

19

OUR TREES

SELECTION of SHADE TREES

for

DENVER-HIGH PLAINS CONDITIONS

Andrew R. Knauer

In the peculiar, highly variable, growing conditions of our area, selection of trees
that will endure for twenty years or more presents a very tricky problem. Trees,
unlike shrubs (particularly the multiple stemmed sorts) do not have the ability to
make a quick recovery. Further, trees of useful landscape size take many years to
produce here. Sizeable specific replacements for trees killed or disfigured by
vagaries of weather are often simply not available or far too costly for most individual
property owners and for that matter for municipalities, institutions and businesses
as well. Selection of trees, sturdy, reliable and reasonably longlived is particularly
critical, therefore

FACTORS INFLUENCING TREE SELECTION

An attempt is made here to point out a few of the obvious and some of the not too
obvious factors that should be taken into consideration in making tree selections for
the high plains region. Some of these are specific to this area and others could apply
to any climatic region, others apply to a set of specific site conditions, still others,
factors inherent in the tree itself.

1. Hardiness Ratings — Most everyone who plants a tree more than once or
twice in his lifetime runs across the term “hardiness zone”. What do these
“ratings” mean? There are two generally used plant hardiness maps in the U. S.,
one introduced by the Arnold Arboretum many years ago and another more
recently by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. They are very similar in many
respects and attempt to take into consideration many of the points discussed
further on. Suffice it to say that they are useful tools and should not be
entirely disregarded but there are many pitfalls inherent in them and a hardiness
rating assigned to any one area should not be solely relied upon. Denver is
placed in hardiness zone IV in the Arnold Arboretum system and zone V of
U.S.D.A. system.

2. Length of Growing Season — This is perhaps one of the greatest problems
influencing the selection of woody plants for our area. Denver’s last frost date
in spring on the mean is April 26, and first frost date in the autumn is
October 14 on the mean, and that leaves 171 growing days in the season on
the average; however, killing frosts have been recorded as late as June 2 and
as early as September 10.

3. How Cold Does It Get — One of the very obvious considerations is an
expected low temperature of the area and the known cold tolerance of the
plant considered. Denver regularly has below 0° Fahrenheit. The lowest
officially recorded temperature was -29°. We can certainly expect -20°.

20

4. How Does Winter Approach — In a situation where a tree is gradually con¬
ditioned by daily decreasing temperatures, considerable cold tolerance can be
expected. “Blue Bird” weather through September, October and November
followed by sudden plunges of the thermometer in December spells disaster
to many plants. Trees which tend to set buds early and stop all growth are
much less likely to be injured by early freezes. Oaks are good examples here.

5. Fluctuations of Winter Temperatures — The rapid ups and downs of winter
temperatures in our area are well known to all, but, the influence of this on
plants is not fully understood. We know that this has a debilitating effect on
many species.

6. Spring Frosts and Early Growth — Trees that tend to start growth early in
the spring are usually injured to some extent in more years than not. Crab-
apples often sustain this type of injury.

7. Winter Drought Effect — Certain trees are well known to be subject to
winter dehydration which is aggravated by frequently severe mid-winter
droughts in our area. Birches are in this category. If irrigation cannot be
applied to alleviate these conditions then trees subject to this injury should be
avoided.

8. Sunscald — Another winter injury often seen on fleshy barked trees (those
tending not to produce corky bark as a small plant) is known as sunscald which
is thought to be dehydration of cells along those portions of the trunk and
sometimes branches exposed to the winter sun. The bark and growth layer of
cells (cambium) is killed and large dead areas of up to one-half the trunk
diameter appear. Trees subject to this type of damage should be planted in
less exposed situations. Yellow Wood is an example here.

Downey Hawthorns at City Park, Denver.

21

9. Summer Leaf Bum — Trees which notably have leaves of thin texture are
often “scorched” in summer during periods of low humidity and high tem¬
peratures. The Japanese Maples, for an example, if planted here, should be sited
so that they are in the shade of larger decidious trees for the four or five hours
of highest temperatures during the day.

10. Drought Resistance — This sounds like the simplest aspect of all and it
is anything but simple. At the risk of making it sound impossible, let me quote
this cryptic remark: “There are lots of highly drought resistant trees and lots
of cold tolerant trees but very few, if any, highly drought resistant — cold
tolerant trees.” Among trees which have been brought into this area are a few
which do illustrate one point worthy of consideration in this context, however.
The American Elm and the Silver Maple have seen widespread use here; both
are wetland, or at least river bottom, trees in their native sites. Both show
considerable tolerance to prolonged periods without much water. Trees that
are, in their natural area, frequently subject to inundation of the root systems
have a natural drought resistance. They are subjected to severe physiological
drought during inundated periods because the roots do not function without
the oxygen excluded by flood water. Swamp White Oak is another example
here.

11. Tolerance To Soil Conditions — We frequently hear of the effect of the
pH (acidity or alkalinity) of soil on plants. This is fairly well understood and
should not be overlooked. How often do we hear of the effect of low oxygen
levels of soils? We mentioned this above in relation to drought tolerance. The
soil itself obviously has a great effect on how much oxygen is available to the
roots of a tree. Tree roots are usually deep and we want to encourage deep
rooting by cultural practices if not by planting deep-rooting types in the first
place. However, in Denver, as well as many other sites along the front range,
soils are very “heavy” or fine textured with few large pore spaces. This physical
arrangement of particles makes them hold water tenaciously and lacks air
spaces. Couple this with an over-generous application of water, excluding air
still further, and you can quickly have a distressed tree. Trees tolerant of low
soil oxygen content are best suited to heavy soils. An example of this would
be the Bald Cypress.

12. Branching Structure — Trees can be severely disfigured, sometimes de¬
stroyed, because they have a poor branch structure. Those which have a good
straight central leader with relatively small branches growing at right angles
to the main stem can bear heavy snow loads and withstand heavy, erratic and
twisting winds. An example of an excellent branch structure is the Turkish
Filbert or Turkish Tree Hazel. Another obvious example here is our native
Colorado Spruce. An example of a poor type of branching is the American
Elm, (a contention born out by the tremendous limb breakage resulting from
the snow storms of October 1969 and September 1971).

13. Weak Wood — In the case cited of the American Elm, almost all the serious
breakage was associated with narrow angled (V-shaped) crotches. Willows,
Silver Maples, Lombardy Poplars and Siberian Elms provide good examples of
what can be expected of the ever popular “fast growing” trees in an early
heavy snow storm. They were smashed, in some cases, beyond recognition.

22

Yellow Buckeye at Eugene
Field house, Washington
Park, Denver.

Fast growing trees are very likely to be weak wooded trees.

14. Secondary Problems — We have not yet seen the end of secondary prob¬
lems from past years’ weather onslaughts. Insects often thrive in trees with
dead and dying wood (i.e. the Elm Bark Beetles). Infections of Cytospora
canker were widespread among poplars and willows and other diseases were
seen to have significant increase as a result of injurious weather conditions.
Resistance to seriously debilitating insect and disease attack is another factor
to consider in selecting trees.

15. Ability To Recover — After the early freezes, late freezes, secondary
diseases and insect problems, can anything survive? Most outstanding examples
are provided by both the native Plains Cottonwood Poplar and the White
Poplar. These trees suffered many bad effects of the severe storms — limb
breakage, freeze damage to the live stem tissues, secondary infection such as
canker disease etc. — and they have recovered very well in many cases. This
factor can easily be overlooked in the search for better trees. We tend to be
disdainful of that which is perhaps less than the best, however, like the old
Model A Ford which never ran smooth (or even straight) but still ran, these
old stand-bys should still be considered because they have had the stamina
to recover.

16. Seed Source — Many trees have a widespread natural range. Cold tolerance,
required length of growing season, early maturation of growth and other phys-

23

‘ iological features vary greatly within one species of this type. Eastern Redbud
and Flowering Dogwood are good examples here. Seed or vegetative propaga¬
tion material of trees having a wide north-south range should be taken from
plants at the northern extremity of this range.

A QUICK LOOK AT THE SURVIVORS

Some generalizations, however inadequate, can be made by observing the pattern
and extent of damage, the recovery, and present health of trees in our area in the
last three years.

Oaks, never planted in great numbers here but represented by a surprising fourteen
known species in the area, were not severely injured and seem to be doing well now.
Let’s put them at the top of the list. Poplars were badly hurt and many were beyond
saving but, as mentioned before, the White and Plains Cottonwood recovered well.
Crabapples were really hurt badly and many did not survive. Hawthorns fared very
well and few look any the worse for all the weather’s tricks. Maples were injured in
some cases badly and are recovering slowly. The Lindens are recovering well. Little
leaf Lindens sustained insignificant damage in most areas.

Littleleaf Linden,
Batavia Place and
Newport Street,
Denver

24

USING EXPERIENCE AND SOME EDUCATION SPECULATION
TO MAKE TREE SELECTIONS

So we look for trees that: (a) have early summer maturing of buds, (b) do not
produce growth stimulated by favorable weather conditions late in the season,
(c) start into growth late in spring, (d) are known quantities as far as hardiness, or
at least, are to be hardy in zone IV, (e) are relatively insect and disease free,
(f) have some indication of drought tolerance, (g) produce heavy textured leaves,
(h) grow with deep root systems that are tolerant of low soil oxygen levels, (i) have
a strong wood and/or sturdy branch structure, (j) develop corky bark as a young
tree, (k) and recover well from any weather damage.

Rating very high by these criteria and by experience over the last few years are
the following:

Hawthorns — most species except English Haw and its derivatives.

Oaks — except Pin Oak because of its intolerance to high pH.

Lindens — more of the Asiatic species should be tried here.

Maples — northern sources of species already being used here should be ex¬
ploited. A wider range of the species indigenous to northern and high elevation
areas of Asia should be tested.

Horsechestnut, Buckeye — improved forms are available now and further
selection of plants of known performance here should be made and propagated.
Alders — offer some interesting possibilities.

Serviceberrys — not much experience with these but they certainly fit into a
needed area of plant character.

Birches — many very cold tolerant species here but most need winter watering.
Beech — the European Beech varieties may be “sleepers”, some excellent old
specimens experienced little or no damage over the last few years.

Ash — many Green Ash have been planted here, but, few other species of this
excellent genus have been used.

Honey locust — immature specimens are subject to “sunscald” and they do
have other problems; as long as they are not over-used, the new “improved”
forms, offer possibilities.

Cucumber Magnolia — represented by only a few specimens here, but at least
one is so good, so old, and in such a poor site that it is apparent that we should
look closely here.

Crabapples — a thorough evaluation is necessary here because of the tremendous
variability of this over exposed group.

Bald Cypress — has many of the attributes that we are looking for and should
be used more.

Poplars — not only the native but also the exotics should be used more and
with more discretion.

Cherrys-Plums — both the North American and the exotic species have prob¬
lems here, but many show good potential, the Amur Chokecherry for instance.
Pears — at least the Callery and Ussuran Pears look very promising.

Willows — a confusing group of plants which have the bad habit of growing
late into the season and most are weak-wooded — perhaps controlled drought
in mid to late summer is the answer.

Mountain Ashs — many species of this interesting genus have not been ade¬
quately planted here; the Korean Mt. Ash for instance is known to be hardy
in Arnold Arboretum’s Zone IV and is structurally far superior to the com¬
monly seen European Mt. Ash.

Elms — with the onslaught of Dutch elm disease it is foolish to expend efforts
here until fully disease resistant (as well as superior) types are available.

25

Daffodil, Narcissus pseudo-narcissus.

Daffodils are so well-known and so
well-loved that to gardeners everywhere
they are an integral part of spring. They
deserve their popularity, for they are
easily grown, adaptable, and have a charm
and beauty all their own.

Daffodil, trumpet narcissus, and
jonquil are all widely-used common
names for Narcissus pseudo-narcissus.
Daffodil is said to come from the old
word “affodyle”, meaning “it cometh
early”. It is also said that daffodil was
first called asphodelus, “king’s-spear”,
and that the word gradually became
slurred into affodil, and then to daffodil.

Jonquil is also a common name for
Narcissus jonquilla L. It is a descriptive
name for this species, referring to the
rush-like leaves, and it would avoid con¬
fusion if it were applied to this species
only rather than to Narcissus pseudo¬
narcissus which is quite different in
appearance of both flowers and leaves.

In England, Narcissus pseudo-narcissus
is known as daffodil or Lent lily because
it is at its prime during the Lenten season.
In China, the plant is called the water
fairy flower. The Persians named it the
golden flower, and the Turks called it
golden bowl.

The genus Narcissus belongs to Ama-
ryllidaceae, the amaryllis family, a family
noted for its beautiful ornamentals.
Bailey, in his Manual of Cultivated Plants,

Helen Marsh Zeiner

suggests that there were probably 25 to
30 original species of Narcissus growing
in central Europe and the Mediterranean
regions to China and Japan. Most, how¬
ever, were European. The common culti¬
vated daffodil, Narcissus pseudo-narcissus,
is native to Sweden and England, Spain
and Roumania.

Narcissus species were undoubtedly
known and prized from earliest times
throughout their natural range. Many
hybrid daffodils have been developed,
and many of these were developed in
Great Britain. Twenty-four kinds of
daffodils were listed in English gardens
in 1548. By 1648, there were 100 vari¬
eties. In 1950, the Royal Horticultural
Society listed 8000 names. As plant
breeders continue their work of selec¬
tion and hybridization, the long list of
daffodils continues to grow even longer.

The structure of a Narcissus flower
is interesting. Flowers of this genus are
characterized by a trumpet (or crown or
cup) which is known botanically as the
corona, “a petaloid structure situated
between the corolla and the stamens of
some flowers”. In more simple language,
the corona is a collar-like or tubular
appendage forming a trumpet or crown
between the circle of petals and the
stamens.

Classification within the genus Narcis¬
sus is based largely on the difference in

26

length of the trumpet in relation to the
perianth, and on the leaves which may
be linear and flat or narrow and rush-like.
The flowers may be yellow, white, or
a combination of yellow and white.
Flowers may be solitary or clustered.

Narcissus is from the Greek “narcotic”,
because it is said that the odor of the
sweetly fragrant flowers has a narcotic
effect causing dullness, sleepiness, and
even coma if inhaled too deeply and too
long. Although this is the most probable
explanation for the name, mythology
offers its explanations both for the name
and for the origins of the flowers.

One Greek myth concerns the vain
and handsome youth Narcissus who was
so entranced with his own reflection in a
quiet pool that he could not leave the
beautiful face and pined away and died.
When his body was removed to its funeral
pyre, a white flower appeared in its place
by the pool and was reflected in the
water. It was called Narcissus in his
memory.

Another Greek myth is about Pros-
perine, who was lured into a field of
daffodils and carried away by Pluto in
his chariot. The daffodil’s corona formed
a cup to catch her tears. It is said that the
perfume of the flowers dulled the senses
of Prosperine’s mother so that she did

not realize that her daughter was in
danger, and that Prosperine herself was
overcome by the narcotic.

The Romans used daffodils in sacri¬
fices at springs of pure water. In England,
they are thrown into rivers on Holy
Thursday, a survival of these old Roman
rites.

England has its tale to explain the
origin of the daffodil. A beautiful princess
fell in love with a peasant. The king
ordered the boy beheaded, but promised
to spare him if he never came to the
castle again. The princess disguised her¬
self as a peasant girl in a blue-green smock
and a wide yellow sun hat with a tall
crown, and went to meet the boy. Walk¬
ing together, the young couple met the
king who sent an arrow through his
daughter’s heart. As she fell, her body
disappeared and in its place sprang up a
daffodil with her smock its leaves and
her hat the yellow flower. The lad, too,
was changed into a flower — the jonquil —
which would always be associated with
the daffodil.

The daffodil as well as other Narcissi
such as poet’s narcissus, Narcissus
poeticus L., have always been favorite
subjects of poets. Among the ancients,
Homer wrote of these flowers. Shake¬
speare, Keats, and Milton are among the
English poets who wrote about the
daffodil. One of the best known of all
poems about the daffodil is Wordsworth’s
“I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud”. His
wife made an entry in her journal in
April, 1802, saying “When we were in
the woods below Gowbarrow Park we
saw a few daffodils close to the water¬
side .... I never saw daffodils so beau¬
tiful. They grew among the mossy stones,
about and above them; some rested their
heads on these stones as on a pillow for
weariness; and the rest tossed, and
reeled, and danced, and seemed as if
they verily laughed with the wind that
blew upon them over the lake.” The
beauty of these daffodils resulted in a
poem that has endured in English litera¬
ture and in the hearts of many readers
for all these years.

27

PLANT AUCTION
TO

PLANT SALE

THE STORY OF 25 YEARS

Bernice Petersen

“Do I hear $2?” was the plea of
auctioneer John Swingle as George Kelly
displayed a choice lilac.

That was an October afternoon in
1949 when our first plant auction was
held in the Greek Theatre at Civic
Center.

Our 1973 Plant Sale, scheduled May 11
and 12, will bear little resemblance to
this modest beginning when an auction
of trees, shrubs, perennials, garden sup¬
plies and services was staged for the
benefit of Colorado Forestry and Horti¬
culture Association, the organization
which preceded and eventually merged
with Denver Botanic Gardens. Through
ensuing years sale of plants with various
themes or schemes gradually evolved into
the Annual Plant Sale as gardeners know
it today.

Recollections of the first auction vary
but participants agree that Mrs. Alexander
Barbour and John Swingle originated the
idea. “Damp weather did not dampen the
spirits of the group who attended the
gardeners’ auction ...,” The Green Thumb
reported. About 60 individuals and Firms
made the auction possible; profits were
$500 and donations boosted the total
to $850.

‘Antiques and Horribles,’ a phrase bor¬
rowed from Dickens, was Mrs. Barbour’s
title for auctions held in May 1950 and
’51 in the parking lot behind Horticulture
House, 1355 Bannock Street. “Your junk
is our joy” the publicity proclaimed;
articles included vases, flower pots, garden

Plant Auction, 1952, in the rear of Horticulture
House on Bannock Street.

tools, potted plants as well as furniture,
jewelry, bric-a-brac and other treasures.
Profits reached $1,000.

Plant auctions were held again in
October at the Greek Theatre; the 1950
sale brought $600 and a vow to make it
an annual event. October 13, 1951 was a
cold day and profits dwindled to $378.
The following spring the plant auction
was held at Horticulture House with “free
coffee to warm you up and cold water to
cool you off.” For five years Earl
Sinnamon was in charge with John
Swingle “the star, with his humor and
blarney.” George Kelly continued his role
as Director and “general-man-of-all-work”
for C.F.& H.A. TJ^e Denver Post reported,
“200 blossom-lovers showed up to bid
for the pick of the greenery contributed

28

by local nurseries, seed stores, and gener¬
ous private parties .... Surprisingly
enough, bidding is kept on a reasonable
basis at the Horticulture House sales.”

Various gimmicks were tried — door
prizes, prizes with purchases to lucky
winners, even a French auction (the last
bidder when an alarm rang bought the
item). In ’55 and ’56 the scene shifted
to Belcaro Shopping Center with Ken
Wilmore as chairman.

Mrs. Barbour’s tribute to John Swingle
on his death in 1956 read: “At some
point in his career he had made a hobby
of auctioneering and many of us will
never forget the gay afternoons spent in
laughing at him and with him as he sold,
using the approved patter, the plant
material and antiques at our benefits.”
His infectious patter had stimulated others
to share his whimsey: George Amidon,
Pat Gallavan, Herb Gundell, Clair
Robinson, Earl Sinnamon, George Stadler.
Good fellowship prevailed.

Artistic creations of artificial fruit
were introduced to the area by members
of The Garden Club of Denver at a
Garden Fair and Auction in 1957 — the
year of the tents at Cherry Creek, with
Mrs. Ed Honnen as chairman. An entry
of cheery geraniums greeted customers
who bought the imaginative arrangements
and other handcrafted items. There were
educational and commercial exhibits and,
for the first time, Clyde Learned sold
flats of flowering plants. Scott Wilmore
was in charge of donations of nursery
stock for auction. In all, profits soared
to $5,000.

Encouraged, Denver Botanic Gardens
Foundation and Colorado Forestry and
Horticulture Association joined in pre¬
senting a Garden Shop and Fair at the
University of Denver field house in 1958.
Esthetically and cooperatively, this was
the most successful event so far. Pat
Gallavan and Bob Woerner, directors of
the sponsoring groups, were Mrs. Honnen’s
co-chairmen. George Kelly, Lew Hammer
and Sam Huddleston developed an im¬
mense naturalistic rock garden, and com¬
mercial exhibits dotted the perimeter.

Seven federated garden clubs prepared
model gardens. Home Garden Club spon¬
sored an open competitive flower show.
The Garden Club of Denver again sold
unusual hand-decorated articles, and the
auction climaxed the successful event.

The Garden Show took a separate
direction and in 1959 a tour of the newly
opened Botanic Gardens House at 909
York Street lured customers to an auction
May 2 and 3 from 2 to 4 p.m. Pot luck
packages — books in sealed cartons —
were sold the following spring with Mrs.
Hugh Catherwood assisting Mrs. Barbour.
Some antiques and white elephants were
sheltered in a tent on the front lawn.
Lunch was served a la carte and Mr.
Learned returned with his flats of plants
plus donations from a few home gar¬
deners. A plant auction was the finale.

At a ‘Liesta’ in 1961 the recently
formed Around the Seasons Club and
Botanic Gardens Guild had special indoor
sales booths offering dish gardens, African

29

violets and various craft items. The rains
came but profits totaled $4,000.

Cherry Creek Mall was the setting for
1962 and native trees, shrubs and ground
covers were added. Workers groaned as
valuable plants sold at auction at a frac¬
tion of their value and profits dropped
to $1800. A few questioned if the benefit
should be continued.

Mrs. Herb Bruhn (Mrs. Lucian Long)
and Mrs. Graham Morrison agreed to try.
Mother’s Day weekend became traditional
dates in 1963, “Annual Plant Sale” was
used for the first time, and Botanic
Gardens became the permanent setting
for the sale. The Guild had herbs for its
project and Around the Seasons featured
specially-grown border plants plus some
unusual trees and shrubs. Home donations
were sought from the membership-at-
large and Mr. Learned sold flats of
annuals. Florists provided arrangements-
of-the-month for raffle. Volunteers num¬
bered 130 and profits again reached
$4,000.

A giant step was taken in 1964. Mrs.
Jess Gibson, Mrs. Ted Washburne and
Mrs.Honnen were coordinators, the Guild
sponsored herbs, Mrs. Gibson managed
home garden donations, and Around the
Seasons, with Mrs. Morrison as chairman,
was responsible for all other plants.

Plants were chosen for performance in
test plots at DBG and in Denver Parks.
Growers agreed to grow plants especially
for the sale. Volunteers were recruited
from every possible source. Members of
the Colorado Federation of Garden Clubs
responded; in some cases, entire clubs
came. Members of The Garden Club of
Denver, Men’s Garden Clubs, Swingle
Study Group, various plant societies and

dozens of friends of the Gardens volun¬
teered. A panel of experts — Dr. A. C.
Hildreth, Wm. H. Lucking, Mike Ulaski —
answered questions at training sessions.
Scouts offered carry out service. A Plant
Sale issue of The Green Thumb was pub¬
lished. Colorful umbrellas and tables from
United Bank of Denver brightened the
scene. Advance orders were accepted
(once was enough!). Customers came
from near and far. The event was a sell¬
out; the auction was eliminated.

Despite these preparations the sale was
grossly understaffed. Botanic Gardens
was growing, tours were offered, the
Conservatory was under construction and
a gift shop was planned. Need for a volun¬
teer organization with unlimited member¬
ship was apparent. Associates of Denver
Botanic Gardens was founded by Mrs.
Morrison and representatives of existing
volunteer groups.

The following year centralized cashier
stations were inaugurated, loading facili¬
ties were provided and the Children’s
Corner was new. Essential innovations
were grocery carts and shade to protect
plants and people.

In 1966 the sale was held only on
Friday and Saturday before Mother’s Day
and the present plan enlarged with each
division headed by a chairman responsible
for ordering and selling his or her
specialty.

Despite wind, rain and snow in 1967
the sale grossed $13,000. A plant sale
thank you to volunteers from Mrs.
Gibson, chairman, and Larry Long, Presi¬
dent of DBG, read in part: “. . .(volun¬
teers) return year after year with the
same determined ambition to make a
success of this event for benefit of Denver

30

Botanic Gardens. Despite all the vagaries
and disappointments encountered, your
contagious spirit of optimism is felt by
all who are in any manner connected
with the Gardens.”

The following year the sales area
stretched from Botanic Gardens House
to the Conservatory with a gift shop
annex as well as the regular gift shop
temporarily occupying the south room.
By 1969 the sale had expanded to 21
divisions with 318 volunteers.

With complete reconstruction of the
Gardens, sales booths were forced to
cluster in and around the Conservatory.
Although everyone was skeptical about
the 1970 location, as plans materialized
everyone wondered why this scheme
hadn’t been used earlier. Neighbors on
Gaylord consented to closing the street
to traffic, 11th and Gaylord became the
pickup station. Again, Morrison, Wash-
burne and Honnen were managers.

By 1972, houseplants had become
the most popular booth at the sale
and moved into Horticulture Hall.
Walter Wilson relinquished his cactuses
for health reasons. The Gift Shop had
permanently expanded into the entire

south room and operated a Creative
Corner near the Library. Library com¬
mittee members continued to sell surplus
books and donated publications. Special
reprints from The Green Thumb magazine
paralleled demonstrations on hanging bas¬
kets and bottle gardens, and the Rock
Garden and Ground Cover booth capital¬
ized on a catalog of plants. The Berry
Basket, Patio Plants and Planters contin¬
ued full tilt. Children’s Corner, Herbs,
Annuals, Trees and Shrubs, and Perennials
booths retained their prominence as main¬
stays of the sale. Relaxation, demonstra¬
tions and refreshments were offered on
the lower level of Boettcher Memorial
Center. Mrs. John Falkenberg served as
Mrs. Washburne’s understudy and pledged
to become general chairman in ’73.

Yes, the Plant Sale has come a long
way since John Swingle chanted the first
of his infectious auction refrains. On this
25th anniversary, volunteers in the hun¬
dreds continue in close harmony to assure
success of this most exhilarating but ex¬
hausting benefit for the Gardens. For,
through the Sale, the gardening public
learns about a huge variety of locally
grown plants suitable for this area; resi¬
dents of Denver, of Colorado and of
nearby states are made aware of services
and facilities available here; and essential
funds beyond those budgeted by the City
and County of Denver are raised to pro¬
mote, develop and operate Denver Botanic
Gardens.

Let’s Continue to Grow Together!

A view from the sky of a
recent plant sale.

31

ALL THE PLANTS
YOU ALWAYS WANTED
AND

WERE AFRAID YOU
COULDN'T GET

25th Anniversary

PLANT SALE

DENVER BOTANIC GARDENS
MAY 11 & 12, 1973

-CUT HERE-

DENVER BOTANIC GARDENS

909 York Street, Denver, Colorado 80206

I hereby apply for membership in the Denver Botanic Gardens □
I wish my membership in the Denver Botanic Gardens extended
Enclosed is $ _ for my annual dues.

Class of Membership desired: (check one)

□ Junior.— $ 2.50 □ Supporting.— $ 25.00

□ Regular .... — $ 7.50 □ Contributing.— $ 50.00

Participating . — $15.00 □ Business & Education Institutional — $100.00

32

DENVER BOTANIC GARDENS, INC.
A Non-Profit Organization

OFFICERS

Mr. John C. Mitchell . President

Mr. Harley G. Higbie, Jr. Vice-President

Mr. Charles C. Nicola. Vice-President

Mrs. James J. Waring. Vice-President

Dr. Moras L. Shubert. Secretary

Mr. Richard A. Kirk. Treasurer

STAFF

Dr. William G. Gambill, Jr. Director

Mr. Andrew R. Knauer. Assistant Director

Mr. Ernest A. Bibee. Conservatory Superintendent

Mr. David A. Blades .Assistant Conservatory Superintendent

Mrs. Beverly M. Nilsen. Botanist-Horticulturist

Miss Margaret Sikes. Education Director

Mrs. Solange Huggins. Librarian

Dr. A. C. Hildreth. Director Emeritus

Denver Botanic Gardens. 297-2547

ILLUSTRATION SOURCES

Cover — Photo by E. Alan Rollinger and Andrew R. Knauer

Page 2 — Photos from Green Thumb files

Page 4 - Charts by James R. Feucht

Page 5 — Photo by James R. Feucht

Pages 6, 7, 8 — Drawings by James R. Feucht

Page 9 - Photo by L. E. Dickens (Pamphlet III)

Colo. State Univ. Extension Service

Page 10 — Photo courtesy Ross Daniels, Inc.

Page 11 - Photo by James R. Feucht

Page 13 - Chart by Swanson/Feucht (from Weiser)

Page 16 — Photo by James R. Feucht

Pages 21, 23, 24 - Photo by E. Alan Rollinger and Andrew R. Knauer

Page 27 - Photo from Green Thumb files

Page 28 - Photo by George Kelly

Page 29, 30 - Drawings by Phil Hayward

Pages 31, 32 - Photos by Loraine Yeatts

te GrmThmb

DENVER BOTANIC GARDENS
909 YORK STREET
DENVER, COLORADO 80206

NON-PROFIT

ORG.

U. S. POSTAGE

PAID

Permit No, 205
Denver, Colorado

DO NOT FOLD

ADDRESS CORRECTION
REQUESTED RETURN
POSTAGE GUARANTEED

DENVER BOTANIC GARDENS

DENVER, COLORADO

This is a non-profit organi¬
zation supported by municipal
and private funds.

Denver Botanic Gardens maintains a collection of living plants, both native and exotic,
for the purpose of acquiring, advancing and spreading botanical and horticultural knowledge.

The Green Thumb

VOL. 30, NO. 2 SUMMER, 1973

ARBORETUM SITE

CHATFIELD

THE COVER

Looking West Across the “Green” Farm

Photo by U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

■

THE GREEN THUMB

VOL. THIRTY, NUMBER TWO

Editorial Committee
Mrs. Walter Ash
Mrs. William H. Crisp
Dr. William G. Gambill, Jr.
Mrs. Phil Hayward
Dr. A. C. Hildreth
Mrs. Solange Huggins
Mrs. Robert Kosanke
Mrs. Norton Novitt
Mrs. J. V. Petersen, Chairman
Dr. Moras L. Shubert
Miss Margaret Sikes
Mrs. J. P. Steele, Jr.
Dr. Helen Marsh Zeiner
Mr. Wes Woodward, Editor

Published by Denver Botanic Gardens, 909 York Street, Denver, Colorado 80206.

Sent free to all members of the organization. Junior membership $2.50, Regular $7.50,
Participating $15.00, Supporting $25.00, Contributing $50.00. Business and Educational
Institutional $100.00.

By becoming a member of Denver Botanic Gardens, you will receive THE GREEN THUMB and
the monthly NEWSLETTER. You will also have unlimited access to the use of the books in
the Helen K. Fowler Library, now located in Boettcher Memorial Center at 1005 York Street.

For further information write to Membership Chairman, Botanic Gardens House, 909 York Street,
Denver, Colorado 80206, or call 297-2547.

Copyright 1973 by Denver Botanic Gardens, Inc.

Copyright 1973
WES WOODWARD-EDITOR

SUMMER, 1973

AN ARBORETUM FOR DENVER

A Green Thumb Report

Dreams are Coming True.

The Story of the Land.

State Recreation at Chatfield

Gene Knight .

State Forest Service Plans.

The Latchstring is Out —
at the Holden Arboretum

Avalonne Kozanke . .

Mushroom Hunters —

Four Do’s and One Don’t

D. H. Mitchell .

Focus on Callistemon

Peg Hayward

Exotics of Colorado — Tomato

Helen Marsh Zeiner

Marine Algae — L. W. Hagener .

Land for
Denver
Botanic
Gardens
at' Chatfield

THE HELEN FOWLER LIBRARY
Books on Trees — Solange Huggins

1973 Garden Tour.

34

37

41

43

44

49

54

56

58

61

47

LETTERS

48

33

DREAMS OF

AN ARBORETUM FOR DENVER

ARE COMING TRUE!

A Green Thumb Report

Denver Botanic Gardens to create an arboretum and develop a large study
area at the Chatfield Reservoir site on the Platte River.

Preliminary steps have been taken, all
arrangements have been made, and the
long-needed Chatfield Arboretum at the
confluence of Deer Creek and the South
Platte River is established and about to
become a reality.

On March 26, 1973, Denver’s City
Council passed Ordinance No. 155 au¬
thorizing Mayor McNichols to sign a 25-
year lease from the U.S. Secretary of the
Army to the City of Denver for some 750
acres of land at Chatfield Reservoir,
Jefferson County, to be used for public
park and recreation purposes. This land is
to be developed and maintained by Denver
Botanic Gardens, acting through the city
Parks and Recreation Department, as an
arboretum and environmental study area.
The lease becomes effective July 1, 1973.

The land leased to Denver was acquired
by the Army Corps of Engineers as part
of the Chatfield project. Denver Botanic
Gardens will control and develop all areas
west of the Platte Canyon Road accord¬
ing to long-range plans approved by the
Corps.

Included are a major area of about 350
acres on the lower reaches of Deer Creek
and a 5-mile long irregular strip of variable
width next to the highway, extending
from the dam south to the entrance to
the Martin Marietta plant.

An arboretum, made up of a living
collection of native and introduced woody
plants, will be established in suitable loca¬
tions on the site; work will begin on

restoration and preservation of the native
vegetation in selected areas available for
study and demonstration. Soil and cli¬
matic conditions favor the establishment
of a cactus and succulent garden as an edu¬
cational project. Two old farms and their
buildings will be preserved as model his¬
torical farms, and a turn-of-t he-century
one-room school house will be relocated
and restored as a historical feature of the
region.

Plans include hiking trails, service
roads, a paved access road and parking
area, headquarters and service installa¬
tions. The area will become,undoubtedly,
a major part and function of Denver
Botanic Gardens.

How It Came About

In 1950 Congress authorized the con¬
struction of the Chatfield Dam as a flood
control project to protect the Denver
area from high waters of Plum Creek and
the South Platte River. For fifteen years
little more happened; there seemed to be
no public support for the project. Then,
on June 16, 1965, torrential rains on
upper Plum Creek brought flood waters
into the Platte and through the city,
taking 13 lives and doing millions of
dollars worth of damage. That did it.
The public saw that flood control was
needed; the dam was demanded. Con¬
struction on the $87 million project was
started in August, 1967, by the Omaha
District of the Army Corps of Engineers.

34

The work is nearing completion today.

The Corps, acutely conscious of the
environmental impact of the project,
initiated a cooperative planning project
with the community, concerning that
portion of the project lands above the
normal high water line of the lake to be
created. In June, 1968, representatives of
the Corps met with the Colorado Citizen’s
Coordinating Committee on Environmen¬
tal Planning, a committee representing 86
organizations interested in the preserva¬
tion, conservation and development of the
South Platte River Valley. It was one of
the first alliances in the country between
the federal government and citizens, for
planning purposes.

About this time, Dr. Wayne G.
Christian, a Denver Botanic Gardens
trustee, and Con Tolman, a D.B.G. volun¬
teer, led a team from the Nature Center
Division of the Audubon Society on an
inspection tour of the site. Christian and
Tolman procured maps and convinced
the Corps of Engineers that Denver Bo¬
tanic Gardens should be the operating
agency for development of a large part of
the area above the waters of the lake.

Work progresses on Chatfield Dam.

And they instigated the organization of a
Botanic Gardens committee to plan on
this development. An abbreviated “master-
plan” was submitted to the Corps of
Engineers in early 1970.

(In the Autumn, 1970, issue of The
Green Thumb appeared an excellent
article by Wayne Christian describing the
possibilities and planning for an arboretum
at the Chatfield site. That article is one
of the sources of information for this
story.)

The important push to bring this
dream to reality was furnished by Dr.
William G. Gambill, Director of Denver
Botanic Gardens, when, in 1971, he
stimulated the committee to further
action. Under Dr. Gambill’s leadership
the committee evaluated the property,
determined the feasibility of the project,
made site studies, prepared maps, sug¬
gested policies and procedures, devel¬
oped cooperation between the Gardens
and the Corps of Engineers, and won
acceptance by the Corps of D.B.G. as

Corral and Sheds at Old Farm.

35

the administrative agency for a large part
of the .available land.

The committee, at this time, includes
Con Tolman as chairman, Dr. Moras
Shubert and Ed Conners, and ex-officio
members Margaret Sikes, Andrew Knauer,
and Dr. Gambill.

The Site

The arboretum site, on the large 350-
acre Deer Creek tract, has a gentle bowl¬
shaped topography with areas sloping to
the east, northeast, and southeast, afford¬
ing a variety of exposures to environ¬
mental factors and a variety of ecological
habitats. Part of the area is in the basin of
the reservoir and may be flooded once in
a hundred years, furnishing an opportu¬
nity for observation of the effects of
occasional flooding on both native and
introduced plants.

The Corps of Engineers has agreed to
finance and construct, without cost to
D.B.G. or the City, a hard-surfaced access
road into the area and a surfaced parking
lot, a 3-strand barbed wire fence on the
Botanic Gardens boundary, and public
restroom facilities. They will also obliter¬
ate the old roads. Buildings on the site
will be available for headquarters, service
and storage centers, research facilities,
class rooms, etc.

The Plans

As outlined by Dr. Gambill, the first
five-year plan — preliminary planning and
negotiation — is now complete. Plans for

the next 25 years are being worked out.
They are extensive and will begin with
these: The developments by the Corps of
Engineers, continuation and improvement
of farming operations in selected areas,
initiation of tree planting in the arbore¬
tum sites, beginning of development of
nature-interpretation trails, continuation
of phenological and succession studies
already begun by Mrs. Marjorie Shepherd,
initiation of the development of the
Historical Farm, moving and restoration
of the school, selection and installation of
a minimal staff (a caretaker now; then an
assistant director of Denver Botanic
Gardens to prepare detailed plans, execute
the program and seek sources of public
and private support), initiation of restora¬
tion of riparian vegetation along Deer
Creek, establishment of the headquarters
and service area.

The long-range plan for the future con¬
templates continuation of projects started,
development of research, greenhouse and
nursery facilities, selection and planting of
introduced woody species, initiation of
programs for breeding and propagation
of species showing adaptability to mini¬
mum moisture conditions, beginning
cactus and succulent garden, and the
development of a program to preserve,
protect, and restore native and naturalized
herbaceous species.

The Arboretum is on its way to be¬
coming another important unit in the
greater Denver Botanic Gardens.

The Green Farm as it used to be.

36

ARBORETUM FOR DENVER

THE STORY OF THE LAND

The arboretum tract is at the junction
of State Highway 75 (the Platte Canyon
Road), and the Deer Creek Canyon Road;
west of Highway 75 — now a divided
multi-lane highway to the Martin Marietta
plant, and just south of the present Deer
Creek Canyon Road. South Carr Street,
coming from the north, ends near the
center of the northern boundary of the
tract.

In the old days, before work began on
Chatfield Dam, the Platte Canyon Road
was located half-a-mile nearer to the river,
and the Deer Creek Road took off of it
running straight west to the school house,
then turned at right angles to the north
on the line of Carr St.

In the old, old days, when some of us
were young, we traveled past this spot on
the Colorado & Southern Railway (ori¬
ginally Colorado, South Park and Pacific)
on our way up Platte Canyon to Kenosha
Pass and South Park. At that time too, a
huge wood-stave pipe line, alongside the
railroad, brought all of Denver’s water to
Marston Lake from Kassler. It’s been re¬
placed by a modern concrete pipeline.

There has long been a settlement, out
in the flat where Plum Creek flows into
the Platte, called Riverside, which will be
under water when Lake Chatfield is com¬
pleted. Riverside is, or was, due east of
the arboretum site.

To the west, two miles away, Deer
Creek comes out of the mountains
through a gap in the prominent hogback.

As fast as the dam grows, the city
closes in around it. What was, not long
ago, a quiet country valley near Mr.
Chatfield’s farm called Eleven Pines
(actually spruce planted by Chatfield) is
fast becoming a busy section of the city.
The new Johns-Manville building rises
imposingly on a mesa north of Deer Creek

The Bertlott House before additions by the
Greens.

and rows of new homes march steadily
toward the dam.

The Old Homestead

Private ownership and settlement on
the land which will become Chatfield
Arboretum began when much of it was
homesteaded and purchased in small
tracts by a man named Bertlott. This was
probably before 1865 since the Deer
Creek water rights for this land were
established in that year.

Bertlott built the one-story frame
house now crumbling beside the creek,
and later the two-story brick house next
to it which is still, after years of rental
usage, a solid and useful building. He
built the large barn whose sturdy beams
and substantial walls have withstood
weather, neglect and vandals for so many

37

years. And he constructed Fairview Res¬
ervoir, fed by natural springs, on the hill
to the south.

During the prohibition era the property
was owned by a Perry Yeast, out of
Wyoming, known locally as a good
neighbor and far and wide as a good boot¬
legger. His stock in trade was flown in
and stashed in Fairview Reservoir. Al¬
though later owners (the Greens) never
found any of the “Canadian Club” sup¬
posedly planted on the place, apparently
the federal agents did for Mr. Yeast was
put out of business. By foreclosure the
property went to International Trust
and then to Reconstruction Finance
Corporation.

Green Acres

In 1933 or 1937 (memories differ on
the date) Mr. and Mrs. Edward A. Green,
formerly of Antonito, Colo., bought the
560-acre farm from R.F.C. Entranced by
the lovely lake and the beautiful white
buildings with green roofs, they called it
Green Acres — naturally. Under the
Greens, the farm flourished. Beginning
with beef cattle — 50 to 75 Herefords at
first, and then Angus—they later switched
to Holstein dairy cows, a hundred of
them, and began the duckling business.

The ducklings were quite a business.
White Pekins or Long Islands, they were;
100,000 of them each year, raised in a
series of pens extending down into the
reservoir. It was the largest duck farm
west of the Mississippi River. Shipped
oven-ready, the ducks went to customers
all over the country, to Houston and New
York as well as Denver Country Club.

The Greens raised hogs, alfalfa, corn,
barley, oats, pasture grass, and had an
excellent orchard of plums, cherries and
apples. They enlarged the reservoir and
remodeled the house, tearing out parti¬
tions to make large rooms, adding a bath
upstairs, breezeway, kitchen, 2-car garage.
The place was beautified by two pines
(one remains), fir trees, a large soft
maple. A beloved and huge old cotton¬
wood in the yard has since blown down.

The Edward Greens lived on the place

Entrance to Green Acres.
The gateway is gone now,

and so are the Cattle -

and the Ducklings.

12 years, and then their son, Stanford
Green, his wife and children, continued
to live there until 1963. The children
went to the school house on the property.
The houses and land have been rented
since 1963. Of the original 560 acres the
government bought 210 acres for the
Chatfield project. The Greens retained
the balance, including Fairview Reservoir.

38

Another Farm

Some of the former Frances Hildebrand
cattle spread, including the house and
farm buildings, just above the Green farm,
on Deer Creek, are also included in the
arboretum area being taken over by
Denver Botanic Gardens. The Hildebrand
house still stands in a thicket of shrubs
and cottonwood trees. It and the pictur¬
esque corrals, sheds and barns, their un¬
painted wood weathered to a rich golden
brown, are scheduled to be preserved as
part of an historical farm.

The Fauna

In the past, many animals and birds
lived in the area. The Greens remember
the badgers, deer, coyotes, squirrels, rac¬
coons, and rabbits. There were rattle¬
snakes up by the foothills, and bear in
Deer Creek Canyon. Woodpeckers, blue
jays and magpies nested in the trees
around the houses, and the Greens often
saw pheasants, wrens, finches, humming¬
birds, grosbeaks, and meadowlarks in the
fields. Once there had been quail in this
region, but they disappeared after the
great storm of 1913. Repeated efforts to
reestablish them failed. Some of the large
stick nests of the magpies still cling to
the old cottonwoods.

There is a heronry on the Platte which
will be inundated by the waters of Lake
Chatfield. About 50 great blue herons
will eventually be displaced when their
nesting trees die. The Corps of Engineers
has made elaborate plans to replace these
trees, close to the present grove, so that
the herons can continue in their old
habitat. The Greens say that the herons
came often to Fairbiew Reservoir to feed
on Crayfish, in competition with the
badgers.

The School House

The one-room school house on the
bank of Deer Creek at the bend of the
abandoned road, was built in 1883. Its
first teacher was a Mrs. McWilliams, fol¬
lowed by Mrs. Bill Allen. Their pupils,
coming to school on horseback, were the
children of local farmers and workers at

The School House today.

Denver’s waterworks at Waterton and the
Great Western Sugar Company beet dump
on the river. There were 15 to 20 pupils,
in eight grades.

Edward Green was president of the
school board until the district was ab¬
sorbed into Jefferson County’s large
district. Mr. Williamson — father of John
R. Williamson, secretary of the Littleton
Historical Society — an early pupil at the
school, served as secretary of the school
board for 37 years.

After the consolidation of Jefferson
County schools, at the end of World
War II, the school was abandoned. Mr.
Green bought the building and land and
made it into an apartment. It is occupied
now and some of the playground equip¬
ment still stands.

Mrs. Edward (Frances) Green told
most of this story to Bernice Petersen ,
and kindly loaned us some of her
treasured photos. We are appreciative.

Now, as summer comes back to Deer
Creek, a new and magnificent chapter in
the story of this land begins.

39

ARAPAHOE

Planning for the Chatfield State Recreation Area by Colorado Division of Parks
and Outdoor Recreation. Highway 75 divides the state area from that of Denver
Botanic Gardens.

40

STATE RECREATION AT CHATFIELD

Gene Knight

Chatfield State Recreation Area will
soon join Colorado’s expanding State park
and recreation system. A flood control
project of the U.S. Army Corps of Engi¬
neers, the dam just down stream from
the confluence of the South Platte River
and Plum Creek, 8 miles south of Denver,
is nearing completion. The recreation
facilities, also to be constructed by the
Corps of Engineers, will be completed
sometime in 1976.

The administration and supervision of
these recreation facilities — that part
east of Highway 75 — will be the respon¬
sibility of the Colorado Division of Parks
and Outdoor Recreation. The Division
will assume these duties on January 1,
1974. Minimal facilities should be avail¬
able by the summer of 1974.

Chatfield Dam, will form the largest
body of water (Chatfield Lake) in the
Denver area and will help to meet the
increasing demand for outdoor recreation,
environmental education, and a need for
urban dwellers to have an alternative
environmental experience.

Although the Chatfield Project will
provide open space, very vital in an
urbanized area, it cannot, in any respect,
be considered as a wild area. Develop¬
ments will be quite similar to those at
Cherry Creek State Recreation Area, ex¬
cept that they will be, as Mr. Berg Glasser,
the Corps resident engineer, puts it,
“up-to-date in every respect, modern
first-class facilities.”

Chatfield Lake, 2 miles long and PA
miles wide, will have a l l A mile shore
line with a minimum multi-purpose pool
of 1,150 acres. The lake will be sur¬
rounded by 5,600 acres of land that will

provide for picnic and camping areas,
swimming and water skiing beaches and
playground areas. There will be ample
areas for environmental interpretation,
horseback riding, golf, archery, and skeet
and rifle ranges.

A network of hiking and bicycle trails
will traverse the area. Equestrian trails, in
more remote locations, will tie into the
State Recreation Trails system along the
Front Range of the Rockies to the west.
These trails will also join the Highline
Canal, a very integral link in the recrea¬
tion trails picture.

Chatfield Lake will provide water-
oriented recreational opportunities for an
area that is severely lacking in same. It
will have a high potential for meeting the
fishing demands of metropolitan Denver,
as it is expected to provide 75,000 man
days of fishing, annually. Prevalent
species will be large mouth bass, blue gill,
crappie and trout.

Colorado’s Wildlife Division is explor¬
ing the possibility of building a fish
hatchery below the dam. Tom Lynch,
Fish Manager, reports that initial chemical
tests of the South Platte water confirms
the presence of a high zinc content; in¬
compatible with a fisheries operation.
Lynch says that further tests will be con¬
ducted after the lake has been in opera¬
tion for a couple of years or so, before a
final determination can be made as to the
feasibility of a fish hatchery operation.

Initial visitation to Chatfield is ex¬
pected to accelerate the first year, reach¬
ing 1,400,000 visitors annually by 1978
and will reach a saturation point of
2,000,000 visitors between the years of
1985 and 1990. Although in close proxi¬
mity to a heavily populated area, visitors,

41

nevertheless, will have an opportunity to
see increasing numbers of wildlife that
will find sanctuary here.

Chatfield State Recreation Area lies in
the transition zone between the Rocky
Mountain foothills and the high plains.
The diversity of the transition zone and
the varied history of past land use results
in many species of flora and fauna.

Remnants of native range land supports
blue grass, western wheatgrass, buffalo-
grass, side oats grama, western yarrow and
yucca. Such noxious weeds as poison ivy,
field bindweed, Canadian thistle and
water hemlock are quite common.

Ideal wildlife habitat is formed by the
cottonwood, willow, box elders, Russian
olive and hawthorne that thrive here.
Growths of large cottonwoods along the
South Platte River and an understory of
willows, wild roses and forbs add to its
value. Mule deer and upland game are in
evidence along Deer Creek, Massey Draw,
and other tributaries that join the South
Platte.

Heavy growths of willows, alders and
forbs occur along the streams and merge
into the slopes of cultivated fields. Excel¬
lent wildlife cover exists along the fence
rows and irrigation ditches of these fields.
Cottontail rabbits, mourning doves and
ring-necked pheasant are the principal
upland game found here. Visitors may
expect to find or catch an occasional
glimpse of a muskrat, beaver or mink.

A large number of birds, many of the
song-bird variety, make their home along
the river and the adjacent plains and foot¬
hills. One hundred and eighty-three
species have been identified.

A unique feature of Chatfield bird
life is a small rookery of Great Blue
Heron that has been here for over 60
years. A twenty-seven acre grove of
rookery trees is home base for these
magnificent birds.

The Chatfield project is destined to
become a recreational mecca for millions
of people seeking the good life.

Looking South along the Platte. Site of Recreation Area.

42

COLORADO STATE FOREST SERVICE

PLANS FOR CHATFIELD

The Colorado State Forest Service is
another important agency with plans and
responsibilities for the future of the land
at Chatfield Lake.

Working with the U.S. Forest Service,
Delmer L. Brown, Staff Forester, C.S.F.S.,
has prepared an imposing 140-page Forest
Management Plan for the area. The book
includes an ecological review — flora,
fauna, geology and soils, climate; manage¬
ment specifications — trees and shrubs,
grasses, botanical maintenance; and proj¬
ect work plans for all these. The manage¬
ment plan has been approved by the U.S.

Forest Service and the Corps of Engineers.

The areas to be developed by Denver
Botanic Gardens are not included in the
plan.

A key specification in the management
plan is that native grass will be main¬
tained in its present state, cottonwoods
and other riverbottom vegetation will be
disturbed as little as possible. Noting that
much vegetation has been damaged, the
plan provides that every effort will be
made to utilize the remaining vegetation
until better adapted species can be
established.

Air View, Looking East along Deer Creek. Botanic Gardens Arboretum Site in Foreground,
Platte Valley in Distance.

43

An arboretum is a collection of trees
and shrubs grown not only for display
but also for scientific and educational
purposes. The Holden Arboretum is one
of the world’s largest arboretums. It
covers 2,350 acres and contains over
7000 different species and cultivars. It
has been declared a Registered National
Landmark by the National Park Service
for “outstanding value in illustrating the
natural history of the United States.”

The Holden lies in the beautiful rolling
hills about twenty-five miles east of
Cleveland, Ohio. Its elevation varies from
745 ft. to 1210 ft., and its terrain shifts
from swamp to rocky ridge, from rushing
stream to fallow field, which broadens
the scope of plantings possible. While pre¬
serving large tracts of native forest types,
the Holden has constantly searched out,
collected, propagated, studied and dis¬
seminated woody plant specimens which
would grow in this arboretum from all
over the North American continent and
the world.

It is invitingly isolated yet easily ac¬
cessible. It has been open to the public
year round every day except Mondays
since the completion of Thayer Center in
1965. Over 100,000 persons — children
and adults, healthy and handicapped,
students, nurserymen, members and
visitors — shared its benefits last year.

The Holden Arboretum was born with
the dream of Albert Fairchild Holden
who died in 1912 but left funds in his
will for its creation. Since the sites he had
chosen were already urban-bound and
otherwise unsuitable, the dream lay
dormant for nearly 30 years. His sister,
Mrs. Benjamine P. Bole, spent those years

Avalonne Kosanke

in study and consultation before finally
being persuaded that her own farm in
Kirtland Township had the proper poten¬
tial. After receiving permission of the
court for this location, she donated to the
Arboretum its first 100 acres, and the
Trustees of the Cleveland Museum of
Natural History created a special Board of
Control to operate it.

Subsequent gifts of land from Mr.
Holden’s daughters, Mrs. R. Henry
Norweb and Mrs. Katharine Holden
Thayer, and from other generous donors
has brought the Holden to its present
impressive size. It is no longer controlled
by the Museum. In 1952 it became a
corporation, and in 1959 its first full¬
time Director, Mr. R. Henry Norweb, Jr.,
was appointed. It is a post he still enjoys.
The Holden is now a publicly supported
foundation largely dependent on contri¬
butions. Much of this is derived from
over 3,000 family memberships at $15.00
but an ever-growing list of “$100.00 or
more” donors is the life-blood of the
Holden. With unflinching enthusiasm, the
Director walks a familiar tightrope of
rising costs vs. limited funds.

The work of his staff of nineteen plus
seasonal help is supplemented by the
Lantern Court hostesses and 45 devoted
volunteers, 22 of whom are trained as
Guides. Their intelligent support and aid
make possible many services which would
be otherwise curtailed.

Another source of much help is Ex¬
plorer Post 567 with emphasis on con¬
servation. It is sponsored by the Holden.
Its members undertake projects helpful
to the Arboretum such as trail mainte-

44

nance, constructing wildlife feeders,
checking the 200 bluebird boxes and
lately changing them to rest on protective
poles, and assisting the Guides on the
Stebbins Gulch hikes. They work on
merit badges or individual projects thus
completing their requirements in ex¬
change for services greatly needed.

Lantern Court

In 1966, Mr. and Mrs. Warren Corning,
lifelong friends of the Holden’s, pre¬
sented the Arboretum with their stately
Georgian Colonial country home, Lantern
Court, and provided for its maintenance.
It is situated on 25 informally landscaped
acres with special vistas like the wooded
ravine with its 20-foot waterfall. A hand¬
some St. Francis, carved from a beam
from St. John’s Cathedral in Cleveland,
stands watch over the enchanting spring
bulb garden. Lantern Court’s furnishings
vary delightfully from the Kermanshah
Persian rug in the living room to the hall
carpet designed and made by the Museum
School of Decorative Arts in Lisbon. An
original oil painting by Audubon shares

honors with contemporary artists. The
library houses the Warren H. Corning
Horticultural Classics available for
research.

The acquisition of Lantern Court pro¬
vided much needed space for the staff,
research and classes. It is scheduled almost
daily by groups with parallel interests.
Short courses and seasonal classes con¬
vene there. They are so often over¬
subscribed that they must be limited to
members only. Subjects include bonsai,
lessons on Christmas greens, sessions in
soil management, entomology, native fern
identification, botanical terminology,
landscape plants for fall coloring, aquatic
plants, birdwalk preparation classes,
photography, wildflowers and the ever
popular nut culture courses.

The former garage beneath the library
has been converted into an all-purpose
classroom where potting classes may spill
their soil or school children whose field
trips have been cancelled by weather may
enjoy related motion pictures. The re¬
cently donated projector, courtesy of The
May Company, will also make possible
many new public instruction classes.

Lantern Court Serves as Civic Center and Guest House for the Arboretum

45

Children on Guided Tour.

May Company, will also make possible
many new public instruction classes.

Educational Program

Under the terms of Mr. Holden’s will,
the Arboretum was to be primarily edu¬
cational rather than recreational. The
educational program is extensive and
diversified. It includes short courses for
the public, dissemination of information
to nurserymen, instruction for teachers
and cooperative programs with several
colleges and universities. A special horto-
therapy program is carried on with the
Cleveland Rehabilitation Center involving
handicapped children and Golden Agers.

Thousands of school children (i.e.
3900 in a 7-week period) spill from the
buses which bring them to the Arboretum
to complete special curriculum require¬
ments. Younger classes may spend an
hour soaking up general information
about the outdoors. Older classes have
special projects in ecology, bird study,
wildflowers, tree identification, etc. They
may bring lunches to eat in the special
picnic area and linger in the Arboretum
all day.

Special projects with the Willoughby-
Eastlake School System include a career
exploration study involving fifty students
and the federally funded outdoor recrea¬
tion program called P.L.E.A.S.E. in which
over 2000 children have toured the
Holden.

Each month special walks are sched¬
uled. The Arthur S. Holden Wildflower
Garden with its concentration of all the
species found in the Arboretum is a
special delight and often signals the start
of tours in the spring. The various collec¬

tions of cherries and plums, the crab-
apples, magnolias, dogwood, forsythia
and weigelia — each has a time of glory
celebrated by visitors. The Helen S. Layer
Memorial Rhododendron Garden puts on
a spectacular show. In autumn, the Leaf
Collecting Trail is carefully laid out with
the Scout’s help, and hopefully perma¬
nent labels are erected for the thousands
of school children who will collect and
identify their leaves. The lindens, larches,
nut trees and oaks, conifers and chest¬
nuts, dogwood and sweet gum will pro¬
vide ample variety.

The Holden donates many trees to
schools for Arbor Day plantings. A special
illustrated pamphlet on how to plant a
tree was published for distribution to the
general public.

40 Miles of Trails

In an increasingly urban society, The
Holden Arboretum offers refuge from the
speed, sights, sounds and smells of the
city. It caters to those afoot. One en¬
counters no motorized vehicle, not even
a bicycle, on its nearly 40 miles of trails.
Visitors are welcome from 10:00 a.m. till
4:00 p.m. in winter and till 7:00 p.m. in
summer. Members enjoy dawn to dusk
privileges and may also fish in the well-
stocked ponds for native bass, bluegills or
trout.

Pamphlets have been prepared to in¬
crease one’s enjoyment along the trails
which vary from short easy walks to
rugged half-day climbs. One may explore
Stebbins Gulch which records a million
years of geological history and preserves a
precious pocket of thriving subarctic plant
life left by the retreating glaciers. An
easier morning’s walk covers a continent
of trees plus many from other lands. The
Ponderosa and lodgepole pine, the Engle-
mann and Colorado blue spruce appear
among the Rocky Mountain trees near
Blueberry Pond.

The guide leaflet earmarks special
interests along the path; the fine shag-
bark hickory at Possum Run Ridge, wild¬
flowers in the ravine, ferns skirting
Buttonbush Bog. Pierson’s Gulch boasts

46

hemlock on its rugged sides, and a bee
tree swarms with life. The bubbling burl
on an ancient red maple is explained.
One learns to count the tiers of branches
of the white pine to estimate its age. He
follows the succession of plants with
their accompanying insects, birds and
mammals from fallow field through the
scrubthorn thicket to the pre-climax with
its tulip and tupelo, dogwood, white ash
and red maple, to the climax of beech-
maples near Cattlelick Bridge. The value
of dead trees is noted, and the bluebird
boxes appear in the orchard area. Squirrel
Ridge sports the compact Black Hills
spruce while a witches’ broom distorts
the jack pine. The skeleton of an Ameri¬
can chestnut is ringed with pre-doomed
saplings. Visit the Observation Tower to

get closer to life in the bog. Pause in the
Green Memorial Shelter with its rough-
hewn latticed sides. From there you may
study the juniper collection and enjoy the
Canadian geese with their trailing goslings.
Look up at the larch and cypress by
Lotus Pond. Turn back through the
fragrant viburnums. Beware lest the acres
of lilacs hold you captive for too long.

Eventually your trail, any trail, will
wend back to Thayer Center where the
roaring fire in its fireplace bids you wel¬
come. Drinking fountains, information
and restrooms are available there. Relax a
while before you head back for your car.

And do come back. Come back often.
Remember the latchstring is always out
at the Holden.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Arboretum Leaves, 1968 - 1972. The Holden Arboretum, Mentor, Ohio. v. XI, No. 1, through
v. XIV, No. 4

Mann, Mrs. Downing N., 1972, Showcase for Spring, Mentor Chamber of Commerce, p. 39 - 43.
Norweb, Jr., R. Henry, Personal communication, Jan. 12, 1973.

The Holden Arboretum, 1969 Rev., Trail Guide, 16 p.

_ , no date, Museum of Woody Plants, folder.

_ , no date, The Lantern Court Committee, folder.

1973 GARDEN TOUR

DENVER

The 1973 Garden Tour will be held July 25th from 10:00 a.m. until 6:00 p.m.
It will be an "in town" tour. The gardens chosen thus far are:

1. ) Mr. and Mrs. John N. Dahle, 310 Jasmine St.

2. ) Dr. and Mrs. Harold Locketz, 275 S. Hudson St.

3. ) Mr. and Mrs. Daniel Spivak, 45 S. Ash St.

4. ) Mr. and Mrs. Homer Reed, 16 Polo Club Drive

5. ) Mr. and Mrs. Thomas J. Saine, 3436 E. Kentucky Ave.

6. ) Mr. and Mrs. Sam E. Cohen, 3102 S. Adams Way

7. ) Mr. and Mrs. Richard M. Millard, 3103 S. Adams Way

8. ) Mr. and Mrs. E. Warren Willard, 2901 E. Floyd Drive

It is expected that at least one more garden will be added.

The price of the tickets will be a Four Dollar Donation to the Denver Botanic
Gardens (Tax Deductible). Tickets may be purchased at the Gift Shop in the
Conservatory, from any Guild member, and at any garden on the tour.

Among the features of interest in the gardens chosen this year are a Japanese
garden with waterfall, a garden with sculpture and many planted Mexican pots,
a huge rock garden, a vegetable garden, a large display of annuals and perennials,
and a pool with fish.

47

LETTERS

Los Alamos, New Mexico
April 4, 1973

Dear Dr. Gambill,

Just wanted to send all of you'three cheers for the latest (Spring, 1973) issue of
The Green Thumb. Although I have enjoyed all the issues, this last one made
fascinating reading. This subject of cold hardiness, etc., is an interesting one anyway,
and it is nice to read what the experts have to say about it. I thought the articles
were very well organized and well written. It would be nice to see an arboretum
established, not just for the Denver area, but for higher altitudes as well. I have a
suspicion that there are other trees that would be adaptable to this area if we could
only find out which ones they are. The trouble is that few people are willing to
experiment, so an arboretum would be nice.

We are still in the grip of winter here. We have had some massive (wet) snows
here in the past few weeks and even had branches break on Ponderosas, an unusual
occurrence. Last year at this time the fruit trees were starting to bud. Ah, never a
dull moment! Am still trying to get up to Denver; maybe I can make it this summer,
as I am eager to see some of the new things at the Botanic Gardens. Tell your editor
to keep up the good work with The Green Thumb. I really believe it alone is worth
the cost of membership.

Sincerely, Irene Mitchell

Irene Mitchell writes a regular column for The Denver Post called "Gardening in the
Mountains." Her garden writing has appeared in The New York Times.

The Green Thumb Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Denver Botanic Gardens KIM 2C8

Your December issue of The Green Thumb is a real tribute to S. R. DeBoer and
you should be congratulated for this effort. Considerable restraint must have been
required to prevent the DeBoer story from becoming a tome. If all of us who were
privileged to train under S. R. were to add a chapter, it would require several volumes.
Frances Novitt and George Carlson were, of course, two of his loyal devotees, and I
am sure made major contributions and expressed the esteem so many of us hold for
him.

Like Mr. DeBoer, I was sent to Colorado for health reasons after World War II
and was providentially directed to his door. Any successes I have experienced in the
landscape architectural field have been due to the early training received under his
competent tutelage.

I enjoyed the article by Mrs. Crisp and the chronology of the Denver Botanic
Gardens by Anna Garrey, who has carried the Botanic Gardens' torch from the
beginning, and was pleased that both reminded us of the need to do further study in
developing hardy plant varieties for the Rocky Mountain area. Acquisition of the
land such as at Chatfield Dam, as mentioned by Mrs. Garrey, would permit the major
dendrological research which is so vitally needed as part of the Botanical Gardens'
program.

I deeply appreciate your efforts and those of your chairman "Pete” Peterson and
Committee for giving us the DeBoer story.

Yours sincerely, Edmund W. Wallace

Edmund W. Wallace was formerly Director, Planning and Design, for the Denver Parks and
Recreation Department. In 1967 he went to Canada as Chief Landscape Coordinator for Expo '67
at Montreal. At the present time he is Chief Landscape Architect to Canadian National Parks.

48

MUSHROOM HUNTERS

FOUR DO'S AND ONE DON'T

Every article I’ve ever read discussing
mushroom hunting starts with warnings
about the dangers of eating wild mush¬
rooms, and never quite gets around to
telling what ones are safe. Granting the
truth of the warnings, I believe there is a
way to enjoy wild mushrooms without
danger and without spending the time to
become an expert mycologist. This is the
method which has worked for all primi¬
tive races and the one still used by the
Europeans and Orientals, who use wild
mushrooms in their diets much more
commonly than do the English-speaking
peoples. This method is probably best
stated as: Know your enemies and make
friends slowly!

Start with the easily recognized species

D. H. Mitchel

called the “Safe Four”, then each year
learn one new species of safe, edible
mushrooms, and soon you will be able to
collect for the table during most of the
growing season without knowing the
names or identity of the other thousands
of species you pass up. Just be sure you
don’t make any exceptions and chance a
stranger. Be sure you really know your
friends!

Friend I — The Shaggy Mane-Giant
Inky Cap, also called Lawyer’s Wig —
scientifically named Coprinus comatus.
Though all the inky caps are edible, one
is toxic to some people if eaten within
two or three days of drinking alcohol;
some of the smaller inky caps could be

Coprinus comatus (Shaggy Mane)

Figure 1

Chlorophyllum molybdites (Green-spored Lepiota)

49

confused with poisonous Paneolus or
Psathyrella, and are too small for easy
collecting for the table; but the Giant
Inky Cap is easy to identify with cer¬
tainty, can be quickly collected in
quantity, and has an excellent flavor.
This mushroom is like no other, and
once observed closely for detail, cannot
be mistaken for any other. It is bell¬
shaped at first, and the time to collect it
is when it is young, before it has opened.
It is basically white, overlayed with light
brown, feathery scales so that the color
looks like a lightly toasted marshmallow,
or the meringue on a pie with the tips
browned. These feathery tufts give the
mushroom a shaggy, fluffy appearance
resembling the powdered wigs of colonial
days, and inspired one of its common
names: Lawyer’s Wig. As the Shaggy
Mane matures, it opens, and the gills,
starting at their lower edge, turn from
pure white to pink, then cocoa brown,
then black, and finally dissolve into an
inky-black liquid, which stains the sur¬
rounding grass and leaves. At this stage
the cap is still good to eat, but each hour
more and more of it dissolves, and
eventually all that is left is a dried disc
of the central part of the cap on the
tough, hollow, white stem. Inky caps
usually grow in clusters, or grouped in

Figure

Morchella esculenta (Morel)

rows, and usually there will be specimens
in all stages of maturity, from small but¬
tons breaking through the ground to large
old caps that have almost completely dis¬
solved into ink. This makes identification
easy, and probably at first you should
not gather any until you have seen some
specimens that have started to dissolve
into black ink.

It might be possible, if one weren’t a
careful observer, to confuse a Shaggy
Mane that hadn’t yet started to form its
ink, with a shaggy Chlorophyllum molyb-
dites. The latter, often called the green-
spored lepiota, makes some people sick.
To a careful observer, however, they are
not at all alike. The green-spored lepiota
is round and forms an almost perfect
hemisphere, while the shaggy mane is bell¬
shaped or oval (See Figure 1). The gills
of the lepiota stay white until the dirty,
rusty, olive-green spores discolor them —
they never turn brown or black, and do
not liquify.

The Giant Inky Cap grows best in
heavily fertilized soil. Large clumps grow,
sometimes over a foot high, along Cherry
Creek, where polo grounds stables, and
riding academies once stood. They may
spring up in heavily fertilized lawns or
flower beds. I have collected over a bushel
in a few minutes in old barn lots in the

2

Gyromitra esculenta (False Morel)

50

mountains. They grow all months of the
spring, summer, and fall, but are most
prolific in August through September,
and even October if the weather remains
mild.

Friend II — The Morel or Sponge
Mushroom. Its scientific nam e,Morchella
esculenta brands it as good to eat, and it,
too, is so distinctive it is not easily mis¬
taken for any poisonous species. Its oval
cap is pitted like a honeycomb or sponge
and the brownish tan color is close to
that of a natural sponge when wet. Its
pitted surface on a hollow white frosted
stem is diagnostic of the genus, and,
while there are many species and varieties,
they are all edible. Be careful to observe
the details, however, because nature pro¬
vides a lot of mimics, and the Brain Mush¬
rooms or False Morels ( Gryomytra or
Helvetia) some of which are poisonous,
superficially resemble the morels. Only a
careless collector would fail to see the
difference between the pits and sharp,
narrow ridges of the morels and the
rounded folds or convolutions with nar¬
row valleys of the false morels (See
Figure 2).

Morels grow best in the spring and in
moist climates. In the mid-west, giant
specimens grow in the Mississippi, Mis¬
souri, and Ohio River valleys. Washington
and Idaho have abundant crops most
years and “May is the month for morels”
in Michigan, where literally tons are
picked some years. In Colorado the pick¬
ings are poor. In moist years there are a
few along the Platte from Denver to Fort
Morgan in May when the “cottonwood
leaves are the size of mouse ears and the
wild asparagus is a foot high.” Up La
Poudre Canyon in early June and in the
mountains as late as the first of August,
occasional scattered small morels can be
found. Don’t let me discourage you, but
I have not been lucky with morels. If you
find a good spot, let me know! I’d like
to know your favorite fishing spots, too!

Friend III — The Clavaria or Coral
Mushroom. These mushrooms grow up as

Figure 3

Clavaria (Coral mushroom)

stalks or clubs, either singly, or branched
like coral or cauliflower (See Figure 3).
So far as is known, all of the coral mush¬
rooms found in Colorado are edible, but
some are woody and some have a fishy
taste that make them unattractive to
most people. One of the most common
species is Calavicorona pixidata, a flesh
colored, intricately branched species that
has six to ten tiny tips at the end of each
branch, resembling a tiny crown of spikes.
This species usually grows on dead aspen
logs or at the foot of dead aspen trees.
Ramaria aurea, which grows on the
ground under Colorado Blue Spruce is
named aurea for its golden yellow color.
It is good to eat and can be found in
abundance in early August throughout
the Rockies. Be careful to clean the
spruce needles and insects out from
between the branches before cooking.
Gavaria formosa, a poisonous clavaria re¬
sembling Ramaria aurea in its rich yellow
color, has a pinkish tinge to the branches
It has not been reported from Colorado,
but the possibility exists that it might
grow here. Never eat a clavaria whose
stems have a red or pink color.

Friend IV — The Puffball. Most mush¬
rooms start out as a little round ball or
“button” just below the surface of the

51

ground, but later expand into their
typical adult “toadstool” or parasol shape.
Some mushrooms, called puffballs, re¬
main as round, white balls, no matter
how large they grow — sometimes up to
three feet in diameter. All puffballs are
said to be good to eat, but as is so often
true in nature, there are a few catches!
First, be sure the ball you find is a puff¬
ball and not the button stage of another
mushroom. The button stage of the
deadly Amanita vema is white and round,
just like a small puffball. ALWAYS slice a
puffball before tossing it into the skillet.
The flesh of a puffball should be white
and uniform all the way through (just
like a marshmallow), but the button
stage of other mushrooms will show some
structure of the developing gills and veils.
(See Figures4 and 5.) The second catch
is that there are “earthballs”, “cramp-
balls”, and other inedible ball-shaped
mushrooms besides the puffballs. These
are darker in color, usually grow under
ground or are almost buried in the soil or
forest litter, and in general have thicker,
tougher skins and darker, hard or gritty
flesh. Thirdly, as puffballs mature the
white flesh first turns yellow, then
greenish brown, and finally becomes a
black liquid mass of spores. Again, be

Figure 4

Lycoperdon perlatum (Puffballs)

sure to slice all puffballs to be sure they
are puffballs and that they have not
turned dark, since all but pure white flesh
is rancid and tastes unpleasant.

As the ripening process continues, the
puffball quickly becomes valueless to the
gourmet collector, but rapidly becomes
more valuable to the mycology student.
As the flesh darkens, liquifies, and finally
dries into a powdery mass of spores and

supporting threads, the microscopic char¬
acteristics, upon which scientific classifi¬
cation of puffballs is based, become
apparent. It is when the puffball is dried
and the outer membrane has ruptured to
spew out the puffs of spores each time it
is touched (by raindrops or animals, in¬
cluding little boys), that a specimen be¬
comes valuable for collecting for the
herbarium. So, I make this personal plea.
Please don’t collect all the puffballs you
find and throw the aged specimens down
the garbage disposal. Leave some to
mature, or, better yet, bring the old speci¬
mens to the Botanic Gardens House for
study and perhaps preservation in the
herbarium. Between 8:00 a.m. and 5:00
p.m. weekdays, someone will be there to
receive them. For everyone’s convenience,
please have them tightly boxed or wrap¬
ped in plastic so they don’t mess up your
car, clothes, or hands, and so they may
be stored in the refrigerator without
soiling it.

These “Trusty Four” are your friends.
Learn to recognize them, and you can eat
wild mushrooms safely. Don’t trust their
relatives or neighbors, and don’t take
chances with mushrooms that look
ALMOST like them. There are many
other delicious and safe wild mushrooms,
but it is impossible to learn them all at
once. When you know and can recognize
these four at a glance, then you can start
learning other species: The Chantrelles,
the Delicious Lactarius and Boletes.

Enemy I — The Amanita or Death Cap.
Before anyone collects wild mushrooms
for food, he should learn to recognize the

52

deadly killers of the “toadstools” — the
Amanitas. While other mushrooms may
make one wish he were dead, very few
but the Amanita actually kill. Some
species of Amanita are so lethal, however,
that one bite may be fatal to a human
adult. By careful observation, one can
learn to avoid these, as he learns to avoid
poison ivy or rattlesnakes. The poisonous
Amanita all have at least three character¬
istics that can serve as flashing red lights
to warn you of danger. First is the “death
cup”. (See Figure 5.) This is always pre¬
sent at the base of the stem, but if the
mushroom is carelessly picked up, the
cup may remain in the soil. Always dig
up the bottom of a stem of a mushroom
you intend to eat to be sure there is no
cup, even if you must later cut off the
dirty tip before putting the mushroom in
your basket. Sometimes the cup is ad¬
herent to the tip of the stem and
resembles a ridge or band around the
swollen base — look at pictures, check
with experts, until you know what is and
what isn’t a “death cup”; it’s worth
knowing.

The second warning sign of the poison¬
ous Amanita is the “ring of death” on the
stem. It, too, is invariably there on the
poisonous species, but, of course, it too
can be pulled off by careless handling,
and in old specimens may be washed off
by rain, blown off by wind or torn off by
animals. Always observe several, in fact
all, specimens of any mushrooms you
intend to eat. Don’t just look at one and

then gather all of the similar ones in that
vicinity. Not even in a “good” neighbor¬
hood can you assume all of the occupants
are harmless!

The third characteristic of the
Amanitas is that they have white gills.
So too, do many harmless, or even good,
edible mushrooms. But so do many edible
mushrooms have a ring on the stem, and
a few edible mushrooms even have a cup
at the base of the stem. I am not at¬
tempting to tell you in one brief article
how to tell the Amanita from all other
mushrooms. I am just trying to tell you
how to avoid a killer that has white gills
and a stem that has a ring around its
upper half and a cup around its base.
Avoid this Enemy No. 1 and stick with
your friends!

53

FOCUS on
Callistemon

in the

Boettcher Memorial
Conservatory

More than half of all Australian trees
belong to the Myrtaceae family according
to Edwin A. Menninger. This family of
dicotyledonous plants has 100 genera
and 3000 species including some of the
giant trees of the world as well as many
shrubs and small creepers. To the genus
Callistemon, bottlebrushes, belong 25
species of evergreen shrubs and small
trees.

Callistemon R. Br. is derived from the
Greek halos, beauty, and stemon, stamen,
referring to the beautiful stamens. Fluffy
stamens, which are brilliantly colored,
protrude well beyond the petals and form
the most conspicuous feature of the
bottlebrush. The flowers are densely
packed in terminal spikes resembling a
bottle brush in shape and size, hence the
common name.

The leaves of Callistemon do not
occur in pairs but are scattered along
the stems. The narrow, leathery leaves
are slightly aromatic when crushed. A
characteristic of this group of plants is
that the stem that forms the central axis
of the flower cluster continues to grow
and bear leaves beyond the blooms in
sandwich fashion. The continuing growth
of the stem leaves the fruit to develop
on the older wood. New leafy parts start
where the flowers end. After the stamens
fall the ovaries develop into hard close-
set fruits which resemble gray buttons

Peg Hayward

sewn tightly to the stem. The woody
pods are 3 to 4 inches in length and
remain on the trees for years. Beyond
them the branch continues to grow and
open its new leaves of the year.

Bottlebrushes bloom intermittently
from May through November. Callistemon
bear their bright scarlet stamens in cy¬
lindrical spikes near the ends of the
branches, actually in a spiral of blossoms
from which the sepals and petals drop
when the buds open. These exotic
clusters appear, waving in the wind like
torches. Some species bear the flower
heads upright, others are pendulous.

C. viminalis Cheel, weeping bottle¬
brush, is occasionally 60 feet in height,
though normally much smaller and easily
kept in bounds. It has a scaly bark,
pendulous branches, and 4 inch light
green leaves covered when young with
bronzed hairs.

C. citrinus Skeels (Syn. C. lanceolatus
DC.) sometimes 30 feet high, with leaves
up to 3 inches long is called lemon bottle¬
brush because its leaves have a faint
lemon odor.

Bottlebrush trees have been popular
as flowering specimens for many years
in Florida and California. They are useful
for highway planting in low areas because
they can tolerate damp, badly drained
situations. They are well adapted for
greenhouse cultivation. Seedlings bloom
in 3-6 years; cuttings in 1 year.

54

Callistemon citrinus

The Lemon Bottlebrush

55

xotics

°l COLORADO

Tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum

A home garden without tomatoes is a
rarity indeed. So commonplace are
tomatoes that we seldom give a thought
to their origin or to the fact that they
are exotics in our gardens.

Tomatoes belong to the potato family,
Solanaceae. This large and interesting
family contains important edible plants
such as Irish potato, tomato, eggplant,
green bell peppers, and red capsicum
peppers; but it also contains some very
poisonous plants such as deadly night¬
shade. Familar ornamentals belonging to
this family include petunia, salpiglossis,
browallia, Chinese lantern, and Jerusalem
cherry. The tobacco of commerce as well
as the flowering tobaccos of the garden
are members of Solanaceae. The impor¬
tant drug atropine is derived from A tropa
belladonna L., another member of Sola¬
naceae. Among the native Colorado plants
included in the potato family arejimson
weed, buffalo bur, and ground cherry.

Countless varieties of cultivated toma¬
toes are known today, but they all trace
their ancestory back to a South American
plant, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.,
grown centuries ago by pre-Incan and
Incan Indians of western South America.
Somehow one of these Indians discovered
that tomatoes and peppers were edible,
and they were separated from their

Helen Marsh Zeiner

poisonous relatives and grown for food.
Ancient pottery recovered from Indian
ruins in Peru shows faithful reproductions
of a great variety of both tomatoes and
peppers, indicating that the Indians of
western South America both cultivated
and improved these plants. Their varieties,
however, were small and inferior com¬
pared to the tomatoes we know today.

Before Columbus reached the new
world, tomatoes had spread from present-
day Peru to Central America and Mexico
where they were grown by the Maya and
Aztec Indians. The Aztecs called the
tomato “tomatl”, and the early Spanish
explorers corrupted the name to
“tomato”.

Today the tomato has spread around
the world and is cultivated wherever
the climate permits. Tomatoes are so
adaptable that they may seed themselves
and mature and produce fruits, even in
such unlikely places as rubbish heaps.

The tomato is called a vegetable and
is used in our menus as a vegetable, but
botanically speaking it is a fruit. The
botanist bases his classification on struc¬
ture and origin, not use, and a fruit is a
ripened ovary with its contents, the seeds.

Although tomatoes were an important
food for Indians in South America,

56

Central America, and Mexico for hun¬
dreds of years, it was a long time after
the plant was introduced to Europe and
North America before tomatoes were con¬
sidered edible — perhaps because of their
obvious relationship to known poisonous
plants. Even the genus name Lycopersi-
con, Greek for “wolf peach”, reflected
the belief that the plant was poisonous.

Tomatoes were called “love apples”
and were grown for their ornamental
fruits or as plant curiosities until about
1850. Once discovered to be edible, they
rapidly became popular in the kitchen
garden and were soon grown as a com¬
mercial crop for the fresh fruits and for
canned tomatoes, catsup, and other
tomato products. This has grown into a
tremendous industry and commercially
grown tomatoes are important to the
economy of Colorado. With modern ship¬
ping, we enjoy fresh tomatoes all year
around and no longer consider them a
luxury in the winter.

The qualities that made tomatoes
popular as “love apples” still make them
good candidates for a place in the flower
garden for those who have no vegetable
garden. Even one plant in a sunny border
will supply fruits for salads, and the
flavor of a freshly picked sun-ripened
tomato is unexcelled. It is now possible
to buy dwarf tomato plants which can be

grown in large pots or tubs on the patio
or apartment balcony, or even in a
spacious sunny window, so that fresh
tomatoes are in the reach of every one.

Tomatoes are very undemanding, but
they must have sun and good drainage.
An excellent discussion of tomatoes for
the home garden can be found in the
Spring 1972 issue of The Green Thumb.
This article lists some of the newer vari¬
eties, as well as giving cultural informa¬
tion. Your local Agricultural Extension
Service should also be able to supply
information on growing tomatoes.

Another Letter

In a letter to Dr. Gambill this spring, Edwin A. Congdon made this comment:
"Mr. DeBoer's brief autobiography in The Green Thumb magazine was most
fascinating — absolutely superb."

Mr. Congdon, now with the Pueblo Parks Department, was a meteorologist with
the National Weather Service for 26 years. He has a degree in forestry and has worked
with George Kelly, D. M. Andrews, and Walter Pesman in the past.

The Green Thumb welcomes letters from its readers. Tell us what
you think of your magazine.

57

THE FASCINATING WORLD

of

MARINE ALGAE

Marine algae are probably the largest
group of plants in the world living suc¬
cessfully in a great variety of environ¬
ments. And yet, they are probably the
least known and understood of any group
of plants. The marine algae are familiarly
grouped under the name ‘sea weed’.

Consider the fact that the earth is two-
thirds water. Virtually all of the surface
water is inhabited by plant life. This
means a huge number and variety of
marine life. Algae vary in size from tiny
free floating forms to some of the very
large brown algae over 100 feet in length.
These plants play a very important role
in the marine environment. They furnish
food and protection not only for a great
variety of animals but also are important
in the release of oxygen as a by-product
of photosynthesis.

L. W. Hagener

Marine plants are unknown to the
majority of people in the United States
though other nations rely heavily upon
them for food and other products. In¬
habitants of many seashore communities
elsewhere in the world harvest the plants
of the sea regularly. In the U.S. this re¬
source is used minimally. Even people
closely associated with the sea often know
little of the value or uses of algae. A close
friend of mine who has been a sea captain
for 35 years scoffed when I mentioned
my interest in algae. “Those slimy things,”
he said. But he was amazed and delighted
at the beauty, variety and utility of these
marine plants when I showed some of
them to him.

Their Colors

Algae are classified in a variety of

Color Changer
Desmarestia

Splendid Red Blade
Ery throph iftu m
splendens

Narrow Prionitis
Prionitis
lancelata

58

Veined Sea Fan
Hymenena
flabelligera

Red Tongue Seaweed
Rhodoglossum
americanum

Woody Chain Bladder
Cystoseira
osmundacea

ways, but in general, they are divided by
their colors; reds, brown, green, blue-
greens, and other variations such as
golden-browns. The brown algae are the
largest of the group and are common in
the colder seas. The red algaes are smaller
in size and found commonly in the
warmer seas. They vary from leaf-like in
structure to some that are very fine and
feathery. The browns are rather thick
and leathery often with large floats such
as in the Bullwhip kelp. Many have thick
hollow stems.

A large number of the algae are found
in the tidal zones because they are
attached to the bottom by holdfasts.
These plants are also limited in growth to
the depth to which light can penetrate
the water. Below the light penetration
level no algae will grow.

There are also large numbers of free
floating forms of algae which make up
the plankton of the sea. Often called
‘Phytoplankton’, these are scattered
throughout the oceans and seas of the
world. It is upon this group of plants
that the great blue whale feeds. Thus, it
is that the largest animal known to the
earth feeds exclusively upon some of the
smallest plants known to the earth. Can
you imagine the billions of marine algae
consumed by this animal alone? Many
other animals and fish also feed on
plankton. Without it there would be no

fish and no blue whale.

Many Values

Besides their value as a food for the
variety of animals, fish and other inhabi¬
tants of the seas, algae have many other
values and uses to man. Not all of them
are measurable in dollars and cents. In
this latter category we would have to
include the marvelous variety and adapt¬
ability of algae throughout the eons of
time, and an appreciation of the infinite
beauty of these plants from the micro¬
scopic to the immense in size. Even those
of moderate size show tremendous varia¬
tions in color, texture, and pattern or
design. Some have great delicacy, while
others have unusual translucency. Still
others have qualities that cause the ob¬
server to remark: “They look like a
modernistic painting.”

The eating of seaweed has been a
custom for thousands of years. Chinese
records tell of their use centuries ago.
Anthropologists report the use of sea¬
weed by the early Pacific Coast Indians.
The Japanese and Chinese began actual
cultivation of the plants of the sea long
ago. It has now developed into a huge
industry. The Polynesians used a very
large assortment of seaweed for food. In
Europe the use of marine algae for food
is common but not as many varieties are
used in the Pacific areas.

59

Seaweed in itself is not of high food
value, but it is rich in essential supple¬
ments such as vitamins, nitrogen, iodine
and other elements.

Pickles and Candy

Many species of marine algae are used
for food. The ‘Purple Dye’ seaweed is the
‘Nori’ of Japan. ‘Gracilaria’ is a part of
the delicacy Birds Nest soup. ‘Kombu’ is
a Japanese name for food made from
some of the brown kelps. Kelp pickles
and candy are made from the ‘ribbon’
kelp of our Pacific coast.

Import and specialty shops in the
United States often carry various types of
edible seaweed, usually with cooking in¬
structions attached. Experimenting can
be educational, enjoyable,and surprisingly
inexpensive.

The Japanese extract a substance from
the seaweed ‘Sea Tangle’ used to heighten
the flavor of protein foods such as fish,
meat, soup mixes and TV dinners. This
substance, called glutamic acid, is manu¬
factured into Monosodium Glutamate and
is commonly used as a seasoning salt.

Brown algae gives us a substance called
algin or alginic acid. Algin is insoluble in
water, but when combined with sodium
carbonate become soluble. The resulting
sticky substance can be spun into artificial
fibers. When used in weaving, it is known
as a disappearing fiber. Other derivatives
called alginates are used as stabilizers for
ice cream, and in the making of soups and
sauces. One of the early uses was in
making transparent wrapping paper. Algin
is also water absorbing and is used in
auto polishers, paints and pigments, salad
dressings, and cosmetics.

Certain of the red marine algae form a
substance called agar which is used in
medicine and bacteriology. It is also used
in malted milk, marshmallows, jellied
candies and many other things.

Seaweed meal is now being processed

Sea Palm

Postelsia palmaeformis

in Southern California to make supple¬
mentary feed for hogs, cattle and poultry.
Many algae have been harvested through¬
out time and used as feed for stock and
for fertilizer.

Collect Them

Next time you take a trip to the coast
and hike along the beaches, don’t just
look for shells. Look for the different
algae that may have washed ashore. At
low tide, wade out to the tide pools and
observe these algae. To collect some, take
a flap pan and some herbarium paper.
Float the algae in the pan; slip the paper
into the water under the algae; then care¬
fully lift out. Place a paper towel or
cheesecloth over the algae, place in a
newspaper and press much as you would
any wildflower.

Be sure to change the papers every few
hours until the plant is dry. In most cases
the algae contain enough mucillaginous
material to assure its adherence to the
paper. Following these simple instructions
will yield beautiful mounts rivaling any
picture or design.

To make permanent mounts, as in
plastic, peel the dried specimen from the
herbarium paper and imbed in the
medium of your choice. Use your imagina¬
tion to create beautiful jewelry, lamp¬
shades, wall plaques, table tops, or what
have you.

60

BOOKS

ON

TREES

in the

Helen Fowler Library

Denver Botanic Gardens

Solange Huggins

In this bibliography on trees, the books are listed alphabetically by the author’s name, followed
by the title, publisher, and date of publication.

The first group of books are classified as botanical selections, descriptive, historical, and useful
in identification. The second group consists of books which provide “how to” information. All
these books are available at the Helen Fowler Library save those which are in the reference
collection. These are indicated by the letters. Ref., after the bibliographic information.

Group One

Bosworth, Eva Bird. Trees and peaks; a nature study. Denver, 1911.

Brockman, Christian Frank. Trees of North America; a field guide to the major
native and introduced species north of Mexico. New York, Golden Press, 1968.
Collingwood, George Harris. Knowing your trees; with more than 900 illustrations
showing typical trees and their leaves, bark, flowers, and fruits. Washington,
American Forestry Association, 1965.

Books by Theodore T. Kozlowski, who lectured in Horticulture Hall, Denver Botanic
Gardens, on January 29, 1973, available at Helen Fowler Library:

Growth and development of trees, 1971; Water deficits and plant growth, Edited
by Kozlowski, 1968; New York, Academic Press. Physiology of trees, Kozlowski and
Paul J. Kramer, New York, McGraw-Hill, 1960.

61

Harlow, W. M., E. S. Harrar. Textbook of dendrology; covering the important forest
trees of the United States and Canada. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1950.

Jaques, Harry Edwin. How to know the trees; an illustrated key to the most
common trees found east of the Rocky Mountains, with suggestions and aids for
their study. Mt. Pleasant, Iowa, 1946.

Keeler, Harriet Louise. Our native trees and how to identify them; a popular study
of their habits and their peculiarities; with 178 illustrations from photographs
and with 162 illustrations from drawings. New York, C. Scribner’s Sons, 1900.

Kelly, George W. A guide to the woody plants of Colorado. Boulder, Pruett, 1970.

Little, Elbert Luther. Check list of native and naturalized trees of the U.S. (including
Alaska). Washington, Forest Service, 1953.

Longyear, Burton Orange. Trees and shrubs of the Rocky Mountain region, with
keys and descriptions for their identification, illustrated with one hundred and
twenty-eight pen drawings by the author and nine colored plates. New York,
G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1972.

Mathews, Ferdinand Schuyler. Familiar trees and their leaves; described and
illustrated with over two hundred drawings. New York, D. Appleton, 1896.

Meyers, Josephine N. The forest trees of Colorado. Denver, Publishers Press, 1939.

Peattie, Donald Culross. A natural history of western trees. Boston, Houghton
Mifflin, 1953.

Peattie, Donald Culross. Trees you want to know. Illustrations of the eastern trees
from the classic “Sylva of North America” by Francois Andre Michaux; illustra¬
tions of western trees by Ethel Bonney Taylor. Racine, Wis., Whitman Pub. Co.,
1934.

Preston, Richard Joseph. Rocky mountain trees; a handbook of the native species
with plates and distribution maps. Ames, Iowa State College Press, 1947.

Rehder, Alfred. Manual of cultivated trees and shrubs hardy in North America
exclusive of the subtropical and warmer temperate regions. New York, Macmillan,
1940.

Rogers, Julia Ellen. The tree book; a popular guide to a knowledge of the trees of
North America and to their uses and cultivation with sixteen plates in colour and
sixty in black-and-white from photographs. New York, Doubleday, Page & Co.,
1907.

Rogers, Julia Ellen. Trees worth knowing. Garden City, N.Y., Doubleday, Page & Co.,
1925.

Sargent, Charles Sprague. Manual of the trees of North America (exclusive of
Mexico). With 783 illustrations by Charles Edward Faxon and Mary W. Gill.
New York, Dover, 1961 (c.1949).

Sargent, Charles Sprague. The silva of North America; a description of the trees
which grow naturally in North America exclusive of Mexico. Illustrated with
figures and analyses drawn from nature by Charles Edward Faxon. New York,
Peter Smith, 1947. Ref.

Van Dersal, William Richard. Native woody plants of the United States, their
erosion-control and wildlife values. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1938.

Viertel, Arthur T. Trees, shrubs and vines; a pictorial guide to the ornamental woody
plants of the Northern United States exclusive of conifers. Syracuse, N.Y.,
Syracuse University Press, 1970.

Weed, Clarence Moore. Our trees, how to know them; photographs from nature
by Arthur I. Emerson, with a guide to their recognition at any season of the year
and notes on their characteristics, distribution, and culture. New York, Garden
City Pub. Co., 1936.

U.S. Forest Service. Atlas of United States trees, v. 1. Conifers and important
hardwoods. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off. 1971- Ref.

62

Group Two

Bush-Brown, Janies. Shrubs and trees for the home landscape. Phila. Chilton Books,
1963.

Carhart, Arthur Hawthorne. Trees and shrubs for the small place. Garden City, N.Y.,
Doubleday, Doran, 1935.

Clark , Robert B. Flowering trees. Princeton, N.J., Van Nostrand, 1963.

Coffin, Marian Cruger. Trees and shrubs for landscape effects. New York, C.
Scribner’s Sons, 1940.

Crockett, James Underwood. Trees. New York, Time-Life Books, 1972.

Den Boer, Arie F. Ornamental crab apples. Washington, American Assoc, of
Nurserymen, 1959.

Felt, Ephraim Porter. Our shade trees. New York, Orange Judd Pub. Co., 1938.

Godunov, A. Z. Surgery with a spade. Lynchburg, Va., John J. Morrison, 1949.

Hoopes, Josiah. The book of evergreens; a practical treatise on the Coniferae, or
cone-bearing plants. New York, Orange Judd, 1868.

Jackma, G. R. Shrubs and trees for everyman’s garden. London, Garden Pub., 1947.

Kumlien, Loraine L. The friendly evergreens. Dundee, Ill., D. Hill Nursery Co., 1946.

Lamson, Mary Deputy. Landscape with shrubs and small flowering trees. New York,
M. Barrows, 1946.

Levison, Jacob Joshua. The home book of trees and shrubs; a complete guide to
the design, planting, and care of the home grounds, with information on lawns,
woodlands, flower borders, garden accessories, and the identification of trees.
New York, A. A. Knopf, 1949.

Li, Hui-lin. The origin and cultivation of shade and ornamental trees. Philadelphia,
University of Pennsylvania Press, 1963.

Martin, John Stuart. The home owner’s tree book; a plain-spoken manual for non¬
professional tree lovers. Garden City, N.Y., Doubleday, 1962.

63

Meehan, Thomas. The American handbook of ornamental trees. Philadelphia,
Lippincott, Grambo and Co., 1853.

More, Robert E. Colorado evergreens. Denver, Denver Museum of Natural History,
1949.

Schwarzenbach, Hans. Decorative trees and shrubs. New York, Viking Press, 1960.

Van Melle, Peter Jacobus. Shrubs and trees for the small place; hardy deciduous
materials for the home grounds. Garden City, N.Y., American Garden Guild, 1953.

Whitehead, Stanley B. The book of flowering trees and shrubs. London, Frederick
Warne, 1956.

Wilkinson, Albert Edmund. The encyclopedia of trees, shrubs, vines and lawns for
the home garden. Philadelphia, The Blakiston Co., 1946.

Wyman, Donald. Trees for American gardens. New York, Macmillan, 1965.

Youngman, Wilbur H. Growing your trees. Washington, The American Forestry
Assoc., 1966.

Zion, Robert L. Trees for architecture and the landscape. New York, Reinhold, 1968.

Gifts and Bequests

Lifetime and testamentary gifts to the Denver Botanic Gardens are deductible in computing
both income and death taxes. The Trustees ask anyone who wishes to add to the Gardens'
limited resources to consider making a gift of either real or personal property during life, or
a bequest or devise by will. Such disposition can be made specifically either for the Development
Fund or the Endowment Fund or both. The proper designation of the recipient is The Denver
Botanic Gardens, Inc., a Colorado Corporation.

FORM for GIFT or BEQUEST

I hereby give □ bequeath □ to The Denver Botanic Gardens, Inc., a Colorado Corporation, a
non-profit, educational institution, the following:

Endowment Fund, Amount:_ Development Fund, Amount:

to be applied for the purposes of The Denver Botanic Gardens.

Name _

Address

City

State

Zip

Signature

Phone

64

DENVER BOTANIC GARDENS, INC.
A Non-Profit Organization

OFFICERS

Mr. John C. Mitchell . President

Mr. Harley G. Higbie, Jr. Vice-President

Mr. Charles C. Nicola. Vice-President

Mrs. James J. Waring. Vice-President

Dr. Moras L. Shubert. Secretary

Mr. Richard A. Kirk. Treasurer

STAFF

Dr. William G. Gambill, Jr. Director

Mr. Andrew R. Knauer. Assistant Director

Mr. Ernest A. Bibee. Conservatory Superintendent

Mr. David A. Blades . Assistant Conservatory Superintendent

Mrs. Beverly M. Nilsen. Botanist-Horticulturist

Miss Margaret Sikes. Education Director

Mrs. Solange Huggins. Librarian

Dr. A. C. Hildreth. Director Emeritus

ILLUSTRATION SOURCES

Cover — Photo by U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Page 33 - Adaption of Corps of Engineers map

Page 35 - Map by Denver Botanic Gardens
Photos by Corps of Engineers

Pages 36, 37, 38, 39 (bottom) - Photos courtesy of Mrs. Edward Green
Page 39 (top) - Photo by Corps of Engineers

Page 40 - Map by Colorado Division of Parks and Outdoor
Recreation - Corps of Engineers

Page 42 - Photo by Colorado State Forest Service

Page 43 - Photo by Corps of Engineers

Pages 45, 46 - Photos courtesy of Holden Arboretum

Pages 49, 50, 51, 52, 53 - Drawings by George Grimes

Page 55 - Drawing by Phil Hayward

Page 57 - Drawing by Suzanne Ash

Pages 58, 59, 60 - Photos by L. W. Hagener

The Green Thumb

DENVER BOTANIC GARDENS

NON-PROFIT

ORG.

U. S. POSTAGE

PAID

Permit No. 205
Denver, Colorado

909 YORK STREET

DENVER, COLORADO 30206

DO NOT FOLD

ADDRESS CORRECTION
REQUESTED RETURN
POSTAGE GUARANTEED

Botanic Gardens House

Denver Botanic Gardens maintains a collection of living plants, both native and exotic,
for the purpose of acquiring, advancing and spreading botanical and horticultural knowledge.

This is a non-profit organi¬
zation supported by municipal
and private funds.

The Green Thumb

VOL. 30, NO. 3 AUTUMN, 1973

THE COVER

The Mango, Mangifera indica L.
Drawing by Phil Hayward

THE GREEN THUMB
VOL. THIRTY, NUMBER THREE

.

Editorial Committee
Mrs. Walter Ash
Mrs. William H. Crisp
Dr. William G. Gambill, Jr.
Mrs. Phil Hayward
Dr. A. C. Hildreth
Mrs. Solange Huggins
Mrs. Robert Kosanke
Mrs. Norton Novitt
Mrs. J. V. Petersen, Chairman
Dr. Moras L. Shubert
Miss Margaret Sikes
Mrs. J. P. Steele, Jr.
Dr. Helen Marsh Zeiner
Mr. Wes Woodward, Editor

“ e e d e Gardens, 909 York Street, Denver, Colorado 80206.

bent tree to all members of the organization. Junior membership $2.50 Regular $7 50

S. SUPPOrti "* $25 00 ’ Business

fhe 'monthly* NEWSLETTER* T B °T ^ y ° U Wi " receive THE GREEN THUMB and

the H* V , I R - You . wlU als ° have unlimited access to the use of the books in

r Library, now located in Boettcher Memorial Center at 1005 York Street.

2 M 9 e 7 m 254 r 7 hiP B ° taniC G " de " S H ° USe > 909 Y °* Street,

Copyright 1973 by Denver Botanic Gardens, Inc.

A (mi Thumb

Copyright 1973
WES WOODWARD-EDITOR

AUTUMN, 1973

Do Your Own Thing,

GROW HERBS — Gloria Falkenburg . 66

BOOKS ON HERBS

in The Helen Fowler Library — Solange Huggins . 69

Exotics of Colorado,

HONEY LOCUST — Helen Marsh Zeiner . 71

Women’s Lib in the

INSECT WORLD - J. W. Brewer . 73

The Latchstring is Out at

LONGWOOD GARDENS — Avalonne Kosanke . 76

Focus on MANGIFERA INDICA - Peg Hayward . 82

FALL CLEAN-UP,

Putting Your Garden to Bed — Raymond A. Blue .... 84

Down on the Farm,

THE HOMESTEAD, Circa 1973 - Glen Mentgen . 88

SIMPLE COMPOSTING

for the City Garden — Wes Woodward . 92

LIFT THE WORLD’S SPIRITS. 96

65

DO YOUR OWN THING

GROW HERBS

Let herbs open new doors to interests
and adventures for you. Find a new source
of gardening pleasure with these ancient
and honored plants.

Herbs have been with us since the be¬
ginning of man’s existence. Through them
one can trace history and discovery
throughout the world. Perhaps your
interest is archaeology, art, or dyeing and
weaving with the gentle natural colors.
Perhaps medical treatments old and new,
or turning a meal into a gourmet’s treat
intrigues you. Perhaps it is just the pure
pleasure of the delightful fragrances that
scent your garden.

Herbs are for use and delight. As
Gertrude Foster states in her book Herbs
for Every Garden , herbs are the “Human-

Gloria Falkenburg

ities of Horticulture”. Whatever your
interest herbs are involved.

From the time of the Industrial Rev¬
olution until World War II, interest in
herbs declined. Increased urbanization,
the decline of ‘folk medicine’, later
modern refrigeration, and the discovery
of synthetic flavors and fragrances com¬
bined to change the place of herbs in
people’s lives.

There is a re-awakened interest in
herbs in the last few years, and this herb
revival is an exciting time. The shelter
magazines feature herb gardens or herb
gardening frequently. The grocery stores
stock herbs that were nearly unavailable
a few years ago. And those who like to

Thyme

do their own thing are growing their own
herbs now.

What Are Herbs?

Now is the time for a definition: by
the dictionary, an herb is a plant whose
stems do not become woody and per¬
sistent; or a plant valued for its medicinal
properties, flavor, and scent. The first
definition rules out rosemary and bay.
What of spices? The second definition
would include them. Let us say that an
herb is an aromatic leaf generally grown
in the Temperate Zone while a spice is
the root, seed, or bark of a plant grown
in the Tropical Zone. Some herbs start as
leaves, then go to seed and soon find
themselves listed as spices. Whatever you
call them, the main thing is to enjoy them.

In the Garden

What about an herb garden? A lovely
formal knot garden such as the one at
Denver Botanic Gardens is beautiful, but
this requires constant maintenance and
has more herbs than the average family
needs. For your own yard, consider tuck¬
ing herbs among other plantings for the
ornamental appearance or color contrast
which may add to the landscaping effect.
Germander, santolina, and opal basil are
good examples. Consider the beauty and
fragrance of lemon or rosa thyme in your
flower garden borders, or between step¬
ping stones, or tucked in rock gardens
and walls. Consider a culinary herb
garden by the kitchen door or patio, in
decorative pots, a strawberry jar, stair¬
step planter box, or a simple shell design.
The ideas and opportunities are endless.

Culture

Herb growing requirements are like
those for any other plant: good drainage,
at least a half day of sun (though sweet
woodruff, chervil and angelica prefer
more shade), and good garden soil. To
offset the alkaline soil of Colorado, humus
may be added, or add sand to lighten the
heavy clay soil. The annual herbs require

Sweet Woodruff

more water than the perennials which
can withstand heat and drought better
than the tender annuals. Our low humi¬
dity is excellent for drying herbs for
later use.

Grow herbs knowingly. Begin with a
few and really get to know them. In
this area, remember our unusual winters,
fluctuating temperatures, short growing
season, high altitude and intense sun.
You might start with small plants from
the Denver Botanic Gardens Plant Sale
in May. As your interest increases, try
seeds, root cuttings and other means of
propagation.

For Flavor

Use herbs sparingly. Use too little
rather than too much. A quarter teaspoon
of dried herb will flavor a serving for four
people. Use three times this amount of a
fresh minced herb as the flavor is more
delicate. Try herbs daringly with new
flavor combinations using a recipe only as
a suggestion. Serve herbs frequently in
salads, on meats, on herb buttered vege¬
tables and in cool drinks. Fresh herbs are
added just before serving or the flavor is
lost.

Everyone has their favorite herbs, but
the following are suggestions for a be¬
ginning herb garden for use and delight.

BASIL (Ocimum basilicum) is a tender
annual, 8-12 inches tall; a warm weather
herb, leafy, bushy when pinched, with a
mild peppery clove-like flavor. It roots
easily in water. Delightful with tomatoes
in any form, Italian dishes, Omelett Aux
Herbes, scalloped potatoes.

67

SWEET MARJORAM ( Majorana hor-
tensis ) is an annual, 8-10 inches tall,
sweet and spicy; a good herb for the
window garden, grey green in color. Good
with pot roast, chicken salad, peas,
carrots, and macaroni and cheese.

ROSEMARY ( Rosmarinus officinalis ).
Treat rosemary as an annual in this area.
It likes sun and a protected spot, makes
a pleasant houseplant, but requires lots
of humidity inside. Leaves are piny,
pungent. Use sparingly. Excellent with
lamb, chicken, split pea soup, ham loaf
and jelly.

THYME ( Thymus vulgaris) is a peren¬
nial about 9 inches tall. The French thyme
has narrow leaves with grey-green color,
growing upright, while the English thyme
has an ovate leaf, quite green, with a more
spreading growth pattern. Both are warm,
pungent and strong. Thymes are heavy
feeders and like a cool root run. Very
good in seafood cocktail, meat loaf,
stews, Bouquet garni, eggs, aspic, carrots
and beets.

TARRAGON {Artemisia dracunculus)
is a perennial two to three feet tall. It
does prefer rich, well drained soil and
requires more care than most herbs.
Propagation is only by root cuttings as
the true French tarragon never sets seeds.
It has a sweet licorice taste and is coveted
by gourmets for use with chicken, tartar
sauce, Green Goddess salad dressing, herb
bread, Bearnaise sauce, and of course,
tarragon vinegar.

OREGANO {Origanum vulgare) is a
perennial about 15 inches tall. It has a
stronger flavor than its sweet cousin
marjoram. The blossoms when dried add
color to arrangements. Use this spicy herb
in bean soup, cabbage, lamb, ground
beef, Mexican foods, and spaghetti sauce.

CHERVIL {Anthriscus cerefolium) is
an annual, 12-18 inches tall, that likes
partial shade and reseeds well. It lias a
mild parsley-tarragon flavor. It is one of
the fine herbs, excellent in omelets, fish
sauce, salads and with vegetables.

PARSLEY {Petroselinum hortense
filicinum) is the broad-leafed or Italian
parsley. It is a biennial with a great

flavor. It dries well and is an excellent
source of vitamins and minerals. Parsley
enhances the flavor of soups, meat loaf,
salads, sauces.

An herb garden, on the window sill or
in the garden, can be a joy forever. This
is only the beginning.

Sweet Marjoram

Parsley

68

BOOKS ON HERBS in the

The HeLen foujlen LibRQRy

Solange Huggins

Anderson, Frederick 0. How to Grow Herbs for Gourmet Cooking, including
100 recipes from 25 countries. New York, Meredith Press, 1967

Arber, Anes (Robertson) Herbals, Their Origin and Evolution, a Chapter in the
History of Botany, 1470-1670. Cambridge, University Press, 1912.

Beston, Henry. Herbs and the Earth. Garden City, N. Y., Doubleday, Doran, 1935.

Brownlow, Margaret E. Herbs and the Fragrant Garden, New York, McGraw-Hill,
1963.

Carter, Annie Burnham. In an Herb Garden. New Brunswick, Rutgers Univ. Press,
1947.

Claiborne, Craig. An Herb and Spice Cook Book. New York, Harper & Row, 1963.

Garkson, Rosetta E. Herbs, Their Culture and Uses, New York, Macmillan, 1942.

Clarkson, Rosetta E. Magic Gardens; a Modern Chronicle of Herbs and Savory Seeds.
New York, Macmillan, 1939.

Denver Botanic Gardens Guild. An Herb Scrapbook. Denver, 196?

Doole, Louise Evans. Herb Magic and Garden Craft. Sterling, New York, 1972.

Dugdale, Rose Sydenham. Fragrant Herbs Culled from Many Gardens. Birmingham,
Eng., The Weather Oak Press, 1935.

Evelyn, John. Acetaria; a Discourse of Sallets. Brooklyn, Brooklyn Botanic Gardens,
1937.

Farwell, Edith Foster. Have Fun with Herbs; How to grow them and how to use
them. Lake Forest,.Ill., Heitman Print Co., 1958.

Foster, Gertrude B. Herbs for Every Garden. New York, Dutton, 1966.

Fox, Helen (Morgenthau) Gardening with Herbs for Flavor and Fragrance. New York
Macmillan, 1933.

Gerard, John. Gerard’s Herball; the Essence Thereof Distilled by Marcus Woodward
from the edition of Th. Johnson, 1636. London, G. Howe, 1927

Gerard, John. Leaves from Gerard’s Herball arranged for garden lovers by Marcus
Woodward, with 130 illustrations after the original woodcuts. New York, Dover,
1969.

Grigson, Geoffrey. A Herbal of All Sorts. London, Phoenix House, 1959.

Jones, Dorothy Bovee. The Herb Garden. Dorrance, Philadelphia, 1972.

Kamm, Minnie Elizabeth (Watson) Old-time Herbs for Northern Gardens. New York,
Dover, 1971.

69

Lesparre, Jean Nicot. Herbs, Spices and Seasonings. Stamford, Conn., Dahl, 1946.

Ley el, Hilda (Wanton) Herbal Delights; tisanes, syrups, confections, electuaries,
robs, juleps, vinegars, and conserves. Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1933.

Loewenfeld, Claire. Herb Gardening. London, Faber & Faber, 1964.

Mansfield, Louise. An Artist’s Herbal. New York, Macmillan, 1937.

Mathieu, Rosella Feher. The Herb Grower’s Complete Guide; a source book for
those who grow and use herbs. Silverton, Ohio, Fragrant Herb Farm, 1949.

Parry, John William. Spices. London, Food Trade Pi., 1969.

Pellegrini, Angelo M. The Food-lover’s Garden. New York, Knopf, 1970.

Ranson, Florence. British Herbs. Harmondsworth, Middlesex. Penguin, 1959.

Rohde, Elanour Sinclair. Culinary and Salad Herbs; their cultivation and food value,
with recipes. London, Country Life Lts., 1940.

Rosengarten, Frederic. The Book of Spices. Wynnewood, Pa., Livingston Pub. Co.,
1969.

Rufinus. The Herbal of Rufinus, edited from the unique manuscript by Lynn
Thorndike. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1946.

Schafer, Violet. Herbcraft. San Francisco, Yerba Buena Press, 1971.

Simmons, Adelma Grenier. Herb Gardening in Five Seasons. Princeton, N.J.,Van
Nostrand, 1964.

Simmons, Adelma Grenier. Herbs to Grow Indoors; for flavor, for fragrance, for fun.
New York, Hawthorn Books, 1969.

Simmons, Adelma Grenier. A Merry Christmas Herbal. New York, W. Morrow, 1968.

Sounin, Leonie de. Magic In Herbs. New York, M. Barrows, 1941.

Stobart, Tom. Herbs, Spices and Flavorings. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1970.

Sunset. How to Grow Herbs. Menlo Park, Calif., 1972.

Taylor, Norman. Fragrance in the Garden. New York, Van Nostrand, 1953.

Van der Veer, Katherine. Herbs for Urbans — and Suburbans. New York, L. Raley,
1938.

Webster, Helen Maria (Noyes). Herbs, How to Grow Them and How to Use Them.
Boston, R. T. Hale, 1942.

70

xotics

COLORADO

Honey Locust, Gleditsia triacanthos

Helen Marsh Zeiner

If you are looking for a good tree with
pleasing fall color, consider the honey
locust, Gleditsia triacanthos L. Leaves
of honey locust turn a lovely clear
yellow. When the sun comes through the
foliage, a honey locust in its autumn
coloration makes a brilliant spot of color.

Honey locusts, hardy and drought
resistant, have long been recommended*
trees for the Denver area. They can be

I seen as individual trees on many home
grounds and in the city parks and other
public grounds. Honey locusts have been
planted along some Denver streets for
areas several blocks long. It is a pleasure
to walk or drive along these honey locust-
lined streets, especially in the fall. Two
good places to see honey locust used this
way are along South University Boulevard
south of the Bonnie Brae shopping district
and along Buchtel Boulevard east of
South University Boulevard.

Honey locust adapts well to most soils
although it prefers a moist, deep, rich
loam. Because it adjusts to various soils
and climates and is easy to transplant,
honey locust is cultivated as an orna¬
mental and shade tree in all countries of
the temperate zones. It is also used as a

Honey locust at Fairmount

71

shelter belt tree.

Gleditsia triacanthos is native to a
large section of the midwest. Boundaries
extend roughly from western Pennsyl¬
vania to the southwestern edge of South
Dakota, southward into Texas, eastward
into Alabama, and northward along the
western slopes of the Appalachians.Honey
locust attains its largest size in the valleys
of small streams in southern Indiana and
Illinois. It is a medium-sized to large tree.

The leaves are pinnately compound
or even bipinnately compound and are
usually 6 to 8 inches long. Each leaf has
many small oval or blunt-pointed leaflets
which vary in length from 3/8 of an inch
to an inch and a quarter. Its finely divided
foliage, which might be described as
lacey or fernlike, gives the tree a light
and airy look.

Because of the nature of the leaves
with their small leaflets, the tree casts a
light shade which permits a good growth
of grass beneath it.

The bark is very dark, smooth when
young but fissured into long, narrow,
scaley ridges in old trees.

The species, Gleditsia triacanthos , is
armed with formidable thorns on the
trunk and branches. These thorns are of
interest botanically because they are
modified branches, known because of
their origin and structure. On old trunks,
these branched thorns may be as much as
16 inches long and they may be branched
many times. Sometimes they bear fully
developed leaves. On branches, the thorns
are not so large and they are generally
more or less forked.

These wicked thorns have been a
justifiable objection to the honey locust
tree, but for some years a thornless
variety (variety inermis Pursh) has been
available through nurserymen. Nearly all
cultivated honey locust trees are now
the thornless variety. Occasionally a
thornless honey locust is found growing
in nature.

Honey locust belong to the pea family,
Leguminosae, but it does not have the

typical pea flower so characteristic of this
family. Its flowers are small, regular,
greenish, and quite inconspicuous. They
are fragrant and rich in nectar, attracting
insects during their brief spring blooming
period.

The fruits are large strap-shaped pods
which clearly show the relationship of this
tree to the legumes. The pods are a foot
or more long and an inch or more wide,
very dark brown or purplish, flat, and
often twisted. They mature in the fall
and hang on into the winter. S. R. DeBoer
says of honey locusts that they “take on
a deep saffron through which the great
scimitar-like pods stick their black blades
like the tassels on a Chinaman’s yellow
robe.”

To some people the pods are a
nuisance, although they are large and not
too difficult to gather up. Others agree
with Mr. DeBoer that they are picturesque
and add to the interest of the tree. Those
who make dried arrangements often find
them useful.

In nature, honey locust occurs singly
or in small stands, so that it is not of
great importance commercially.The wood
is heavy, hard, strong, coarse-grained, and
takes a good polish. It resists decay in
contact with soil which makes it useful
for fence posts and railroad ties. It
is used locally for fence posts, ties,
construction and interior finish, and
furniture.

The common name honey locust is
given to this tree because of the thick
succulent, sweet pulp in the immature
pods. Young pods are eaten by livestock
and by wild animals such as deer, rabbits,
squirrels, and some birds.

In 1753, Linnaeus named the genus
Gleditsia in honor of Johann Gottlieb
Gleditsch, a professor of botany in Berlin
and director of the Berlin botanic garden.
The species name triacanthos refers to the
thorns and literally means three-thorned.
Inerme, the variety name, means un¬
armed and refers to the thornless nature
of the variety.

72

WOMEN’S £I.£

in the Insect WorU

J. W. Brewer

Perhaps eons ago the sexes were almost
equal in all of the insect world. As the
many species developed through time,
however, several chose a path of sexual
inequality as being the most appropriate
for species survival.

The inequality of the sexes is most
apparent in the social insects (mainly
the ants, bees, wasps and termites) but
some interesting examples occur in other
groups. Praying mantids, (Figure 1), for
example, are ferocious predators which
feed on other insects. One could expect
however that the male and female mantids
would be “friends” at least during the
mating period. After all, who could love

a mantid but another mantid? In times of
food shortage, however, the courtship
behavior of the male mantid elicits a
strange, even bizarre, response from the
female. She bites off his head, literally,
not figuratively as sometimes occurs in
the human species. The loss of his head
does not deter the purposeful male, how¬
ever, and courtship proceeds and the pair
eventually mates successfully. Throughout
the proceedings the female continues her
meal. Although this may seem to be a
strange development, it certainly prevents
the male from using the excuse of being
“too tired.”

Laboratory experiments have shown

Figure 1

73

that the entire courtship pattern of the
male.mantid can be elicited by merely
cutting off his head. This apparently
causes hormone changes that initiate the
mating act. The end result of this unusual
behavior is that under natural conditions,
when food is in short supply, the male
not only provides sperm for fertilizing the
eggs but he also becomes a protein meal
for the female, thus contributing a second
time to the development of the young
and to the survival of the species.

The Termite System

Perhaps a second stage in the inequal¬
ity movement is best illustrated by the
termites (Figure 2), a social group well
known for their ability to devour homes
and other wooden objects. Here we find
a royal couple, the king and queen. The
pair mates periodically and produces all
of the offspring for the entire colony of
sometimes 1,000,000 individuals. Human
parents might expect a serious generation
gap to exist between the termite parents
and their many offspring. However, some
curious facts appear when such a colony
is examined closely. First, there is no
generation gap. The youngsters do what
they are told, a phenomenon unknown to
some human parents. Secondly, except
for the infrequent development of winged
reproductives which quickly leave the
parent colony, the king termite is the
only functional male in the entire family.
The workers, nurses, and the huge soldiers
with their fierce looking jaws, may be of
either sex but all are sterile as far as
reproduction is concerned.

Figure 2

Figure 3

Bee Birth Control

A somewhat similar situation occurs
in the honey bee colony. (Figure 3) There,
however, one mating period suffices for
the queen and she does not need a male
partner for the remainder of her egg lay¬
ing life, sometimes as much as seven years.
This is perhaps fortunate since the mating
act results in the death of the male honey
bee. Sperm from the male is stored inter¬
nally by the queen in a special sac and
thereafter egg fertilization is under her
control. If she fertilizes an egg as it passes
through the oviduct it develops into a
female bee. Unfertilized eggs develop into
males. Thus, the queen and female
attendants control not only the number
of bees in the colony, but also the sex
ratio of the hive. Apparently, then, honey
bees are substantially ahead of humans in
birth control techniques. Of course, if
the queen runs out of sperm and is not
replaced, all her offspring become males
(unfertilized eggs) and the colony even¬
tually dies. The queen bee then is the
mother of the entire colony and some
unknown, deceased, male is the father.

74

Again, as in the termites, the young
bees follow instructions. Here though, the
nurses, workers, and guard bees are all
sterile females; not even sterile males are
present in the work force. A few males
are produced in the spring and allowed to
remain in the hive unmolested, even cared
for, since the males are real bums who
not only don’t work but are even unable
to feed themselves. Apparently, the males
are “kept in reserve” in the event that the
colony should swarm or that the old
queen should die, necessitating the ferti¬
lization of a new queen. The onset of the
short, cool, fall days however signals the
end for the defenseless males (only the
females have stings) and they are relent¬
lessly driven from the hive to die. Those
who resist are stung to death by the
merciless female worker bees. No males
survive the winter.

Aphid Antics

Sexual inequality goes a step further
in the plant lice, or aphids. (Figure 4).
Here we find that during the summer
months, males are not present at all, nor
are they needed. Females produce young
without fertilization through a process
known as parthenogensis. So, there are
no illegitimate aphids, or at least no
worried explanations to Mom. At the age
of about seven days, a virgin female aphid
begins to give birth to the first of some
fifty or so active young. All offspring are
females and within seven days these new
virgins also give birth to active young,
again, all females. This process continues
throughout the summer months giving
rise to enormous aphid population.
Aphids apparently do not waste protein
on nonproductive males during the sum¬
mer “production period.” In the fall,
perhaps because of the long evenings
ahead, many aphid species do produce
males. These mate with females who
later produce an overwintering egg, rather
than the active young. In the spring the
eggs hatch into females and the cycle
begins again.

Wasps and Women

Some parasitic wasps have carried the
liberation movement to its last logical
step; apparently no males are ever pro¬
duced. At least careful study by scientists
has not yet revealed any males in a large
number of species of these insects. Repro¬
duction in these matriarchal groups as
far as is known, is completely partheno-
genetic. Some of these parasitic wasps
further economize through the develop¬
ment of several individuals from a single
egg, a process known as polyembryony.
In some cases, as many as 4,000 young
insects will hatch from a single egg.

Perhaps it is best not to draw parallels
between man and his major partner on
the planet earth. Insects, however, have
been here much longer than man and
have already solved some problems that
we presently face, albeit not always in a
humane fashion. One of man’s most
serious problems today is increased popu¬
lation pressure in a world with limited
space and resources. It is obvious from
the discussion above that some insect
groups have solved this problem to some
extent by eliminating, at least in part, the
less productive members of their species.
The fact that these less productive mem¬
bers were frequently males may be a
coincidence. It may also be a good point
for human males to keep in mind.

Figure 4

75

LONGWOOD

GARDEN

‘The estate on which they (Samuel
and Joshua Peirce) made their garden of
trees and shrubs was secured by their
ancestor, George Peirce, who came from
Somerset, England, in 1684, with his wife
and their young children. Their first
purchase of land was in Thornbury town¬
ship, Chester County, which bears the
maiden name of George Peirce’s wife. In
1700 and 1701 he secured the patent to
a second parcel of 1200 acres, in which
was included the present estate of Long-
wood, where the garden was made.” So
writes John T. Faris in his account of the
Old Gardens in and about Philadelphia.
The name “Evergreen Glade” was applied
to this property.

Original Trees Survive

Samuel and Joshua Peirce, the twin
great grandsons of George Peirce, were
born in 1766. They received title to their
father’s estate in 1800. That very year
their planting began. It was not the usual
thrifty planting of maples for syrup,
peaches for fruit or apples for drying.

Aval on ne Kosanke

The brothers sought instead more “use¬
less” but more interesting trees not
familiar to the area. Their collection grew
to more than 100 varieties of which a
recent survey indicates the following still
survive: sycamore maple, red maple,

Ohio buckeye, cherry or black birch, tree
box, white mulberry, Princess tree, Nor¬
way spruce, white pine, London plane,
northern red oak, Japanese pagoda, bald
cypress, hackberry, copper beech, gingko,
Kentucky coffee, hybrid walnut with
graft union still evident, European larch,
sweet gum, southern cucumber magnolia
and the indigenous tulip tree.

These may be seen on the tree tour
outlined by Longwood Gardens for
visitors. Five others which remain from
the 18th century are also on this tour:
white ash, cucumber magnolia, sugar
maple, eastern white oak and a pear tree.
The oak is thought to be a “Penn Oak”,
one cited by William Penn’s surveyors.

The success of their venture may be
measured by the following: “About the
year 1800, also, the brothers Joshua and
Samuel Peirce of East Marlborough, be-

76

gan to adorn their premises by tasteful
culture and planting; and they have pro¬
duced an Arboretum of evergreens and
other elegant forest trees which is cer¬
tainly unrivaled in Pennsylvania and
probably not surpassed in these United
States.” This comment from Dr. William
Darlington’s Memorials of John Bartram
and Humphry Marshall was written in
1849.

As its emphasis shifted away from
farmland, the property became known
as “Peirce’s Park.” The suitability of this
name increased in the next generation.
Joshua’s son, George, inherited the prop¬
erty and devoted his life to enjoying it
and encouraging others to do the same.
He built a summer house, installed cro¬
quet courts and children’s equipment and
invited visitors. Many came. No further
development was made and no more
plantings. The maturing trees were locally
famous and appreciated.

With George’s passing, the property’s
future was in question. Lumbering inter¬
ests eager to harvest the trees, began to
build a sawmill and mark choicer trees.

The Farm Rescued

Providence was kind! Mr. Pierre S.
du Pont, driving through the countryside
of southern Chester County noticed the
superb tract of woodland about to be
lumbered and began at once his negotia¬
tions. In March, 1906, he acquired 200
acres of farm and timber land, a brick
farm house and an assortment of farm
buildings. A name which had been applied
to this property by Bayard Taylor in The
Story of Kennett was “Longwood.”
There was also a Longwood Meeting
house used by the Quakers, which may
still be seen by visitors since it has been
converted to a small auditorium in the
Gardens. Finally, during the Civil War,
the property was a well-known station on
the Underground Railway and was known
at that time as Longwood.

Mr. du Pont chose the name Longwood
Farms and later changed it to Longwood
Gardens. He began almost at once to im¬
prove and build on the land. As surround¬
ing farms became available, he purchased
them till he had accrued the 1,000 acres

Fountain Garden as seen from terrace in front of main conservatory, Longwood Gardens,
Kennet Square, Pa.

77

LONGWOOD GARDENS

which comprise the present Longwood
Gardens.

The old brick house acquired with the
land had been built in the early 1700’s. It
stood impervious to time with its original
roof timbers and joists intact. With his
special knack of preserving the past while
building for the future, Mr. du Pont built
a new but compatible addition which ad¬
joined the original home by way of a
small conservatory. This became his sum¬
mer home. Some of the original furnish¬
ings remain in the Old Peirce wing. The
newer wing is presently used for offices.

Longwood Gardens has always been
open to the public, but it was the com¬
pletion of the conservatories in 1921
which began to draw large numbers of
visitors. The conservatories remain a chief
attraction today and are open to the
public year ’round.

The Conservatories

With nearly four acres under glass,
spectacular horticultural displays are con¬
tinuous. Thirty expert gardeners work full
time to maintain them. The main room
sets an outdoors-captured-indoors mood.
Its 40-ft. ceiling is brushed by feathery
acacia foliage. Tree-like concrete pillars
are disguised with Ficus pumila, climbing
fig. Meticulously groomed turf areas com¬
plement the constantly changing borders
of bloom.

The expansive feeling grows as the
vista extends into the conservatory audi¬
torium. This was designed to seat 300
people and is complete with stage, orches¬
tra pit, footlights and boxes. Presently it
is used only for floral displays. Flaming
bougainvillea arches across the stage.
Cibotium ferns and Australian tree ferns
frame the shifting, colorful collections.

A favorite of the seasonal displays is
mid-November, time of the chrysanthe¬
mum. During eleven months of prepara¬
tion, 3500 cuttings are nurtured into
plants which are wired, trimmed and
trained into pots, pillars, cascades, tree

forms and hanging baskets. An Oriental
garden provides an effective backdrop
for the special Japanese cultivars.

From the main room it is only a step
into the Azalea House bordered with
acacia and enormous espaliered apricots.
Here the azalea, rhododendron and
camellia collections vie for attention,
dominated by the giant, crimson-flowered
rhododendron.

Adjoining this is the beautifully ap¬
pointed ballroom designed to house the
famous pipe organ. Its crystal chandeliers
and vaulted ceiling of pink etched glass
heighten the elegant atmosphere. The
beautiful parquet floor was made of black
walnut gunstock blocks acquired through
army surplus following World War I. The
organ itself, specially designed for Long¬
wood, may be seen only during scheduled
recitals. It is housed in a 62 x 23 x 40-ft.
high chamber behind damask on the
north wall. It weighs over 55 tons and is
considered one of the most complete pipe
organs in this country.

Acacias and Orchids

Fragrant sunshine fills Acacia Passage
in late winter as the acacia collection
fluffs into bloom. Here one may examine
Acacia seyal, source of shittam wood of
the Ark of the Covenant, or A. greggii,
the cat’s claw acacia of our southwest.
Camellias provide a pleasant contrast in
foliage and form. Beyond this lie the
twin orchid display alcoves flanked by
tubbed anthuriums and rimmed with
philodendron. Twice weekly new displays
are selected from the growing houses.
The Garden’s collection was greatly en¬
hanced by additions from the late Mrs.
Wm. K. du Pont’s collection.

House plants, especially African violets,
are displayed nearby. Begonias, unusual
plants and the curious, carniverous
Nepenthes spp. lure one along toward
the Palm House. This most recent addi¬
tion to the conservatories has a 55-ft.
roof peak designed for large tropical

78

In the conservatory, at Easter.

specimens. The viewer may look down
from an elevated walk into the tropical
forest. An epiphyte tree constructed of
cork bark around a pillar supports air
plants, bromeliads, orchids and ferns.

Plants which provide man with food,
flavorings, fibre and medicines may be
seen in the Economic House. Adjoining
is the Geographic House where plants are
segregated into three groups: Africa,
Western Hemisphere, and the Asia-
Australia-Pacific Islands.

Fern Passage provides a restful transi¬
tion. Strange fern forms, liverworts,
selaginellas and club mosses are every¬
where. Much of the display appears in
hanging baskets and suspended containers.

The Rose House offers an endless
abundance of bloom while in the Xero-
phytic House interest depends more on
the diversity of forms of the plants. The
special Bonsai collection draws many
admirers for some of the specimens
approach 200 years.

Behind the conservatory and partially
enclosed by it lies the geometrically
perfect design of water-lily ponds. Tank-

grown tubers are planted out in June;
from July to October their bloom is
spectacular. The enormous leaves of the
Victoria spp. and hybrids with edges
rigidly upturned steal the show. Water
hyacinth, water lettuce, papyrus, water
chestnut and the lovely Indian lotus
subtly vary the form and height patterns.

Exploring Outside

Outside the conservatory there is much
more to be seen. Everywhere there are
fountains and water, inviting walkways,
interesting collections and carefully dis¬
ciplined stretches of gardens to be ex¬
plored. This display exceeds 350 acres.

At the information center, carefully
concealed from the rest of the Gardens
but handy to the parking lot, there is an
exact three dimensional scale model of
the entire display area. Here are informa¬
tion materials and rest rooms.

Near the reception center is the Per¬
ception Garden. Pause to appreciate its
design, the specially selected plants hav¬
ing unusual smells and textures. Note the
labels in Braille.

It isn’t far to the open air theatre
patterned after one Mr. du Pont saw near
Siena, Italy. It was constructed in 1911
and revamped in 1927 to accommodate
underground dressing rooms, theatre
equipment and fountain pumps. One
enters the area through arches of Ameri¬
can pillar roses. Clipped arbor-vitae con¬
ceals the dressing room entrances. Beyond
lie boxwood hedges and tall Kentucky
coffeetrees. Two stage levels increase the
credibility of near and far scenes. With
seating for 2100 people and an excellent
amplifying system, it is a popular facility
for many organizations. On both stage
levels are illuminated fountains which
combine with the 62-ft. long six-foot
high curtain of water which is brought
into play at the conclusion of each
performance.

One can move eastward through the
many formal flower beds or cut north
and turn east through Peirce’s Park with
its many old trees and wander down

79

Evergreen Glade. The two paths meet by
the old original lake where in springtime,
thousands of daffodils stud its sloping
shores.

The Water Garden

Turn away from the lake to the ir-
resistably lovely Italian Water Garden.
Formerly swampland, this pool was cre¬
ated in 1927. Mr. du Pont chose the
design and dimensions in exact duplica¬
tion of the Villa Gameraia near Florence,
Italy. Carved Italian stonework was im¬
ported for the statues and fountains. A
viewing platform was built where the
villa itself might be. Seen from here, the
garden is at its loveliest. The far pair of
pools appears identical to those nearest
the platform. Actually they are twenty
feet longer to achieve this visual decep¬
tion. A rock cascade and water staircase
complete the picture. The garden is pur¬
posely devoid of colorful planting. It
features luxuriant turf, emerald ivy edg¬
ings, tiers of trees and blue-tiled pools to
reflect the serene surroundings.

There are many other fountains and
pools throughout the Gardens. Most
famous is the five-acre fountain garden
whose design was adapted from the Court
of Honor Fountain of the Chicago Ex¬
position of 1892. Fountain jets and in¬
genious lighting effects are controlled
from a console, producing a spectacular
interplay of lights, color and jets. At full
capacity the fountains use 12,000 gallons
a minute, supplied from deep wells, re¬
cycled, and stored, when not in use, in a
reservoir atop Conifer Hill.

The newest feature, the “Eye of
Water,” installed in 1968, was inspired by
the “Fuente de Ojo de Aqua” of Costa
Rica. Its water also supplies the waterfall
at the 60-ft. stone Chimes Tower from
which electronic chimes are broadcast on
the hour and quarter hour.

West of the fountain garden one finds
crabapples lush with blossoms in spring, a
stream to be crossed on stepping stones,
dogwood and flowering cherries, the All-
America Rose Garden and the herb col¬

lection. East from the tower, the heath
and heather collection, accented by dwarf
conifers, attracts attention.

The Topiary Garden, begun in 1958,
contains many specimens of clipped-yew
millstones, spirals, keystones and birds,
rescued from a Long Island estate. At the
north end of these gardens, one can learn
the accurate time, each day in the year,
from the analemmatic oval sundial, 37 x
12-ft., patterned after a cathedral dial at
the portal of a 15th century Gothic
church in Bourg, France.

Activities

Longwood Foundations, Inc., estab¬
lished in 1937 by Mr. du Pont as a non¬
profit, philanthropic institution, was
charged with the care and improvement
of the Gardens until 1970 when the res¬
ponsibility was assumed by the trustees
of Longwood Gardens, Inc. It requires a
staff of well over 200 employees.

Educational and research activities at
Longwood include the introduction of
new plants, breeding to improve the
quality and hardiness of existing plants,
searching for better methods of watering,
humidity and insect control, and the in¬
tensified studies of smog damage on both
indoor and outdoor plants which have
won national attention. Russell J. Seibert,
Director, presented a slide lecture on this
subject to members of Denver Botanic
Gardens earlier this year.

Besides the usual gamut of classes,
lectures and short courses in horticultural-
and botanical-related subjects, there are
several work-study programs for students.
The Professional Gardener Training Pro¬
gram is a two-year course for high school
graduates. It includes classroom sessions
and on-the-job instruction. The summer
laboratory of Ornamental Horticulture is
open to a few college students majoring
in horticulture. Practical experience is
supplemented with lectures and field
trips. Graduate students working for a
Master’s Degree at the University of Dela¬
ware participate in a special study-work
program. A few International Horticul-

80

tural Trainees are in residence for one
year.

The People Come

The magnificent beauty of Longwood
Gardens begins with its isolation. Though
near the small town of Kennett Square
its nearest “big city” neighbor is Wilming¬
ton, Delaware 12 miles south, or Philadel¬
phia 30 miles north. The Gardens have no
eating facility, picnics are limited to
certain separate areas, and motor vehicles
may not trespass beyond the parking lot.
Weekday admission charge doubles on
weekends and holidays; guided tours cost
even more. Collecting specimens, even
fallen leaves, is strictly forbidden. Pets
are taboo. Radios are banned. Even the

use of a camera is regulated.

And still people come! On a fair
spring or autumn day, 25,000 to 30,000
visitors pour into the Gardens. Over one
million persons, from every state and
many foreign countries, annually turn
off the turmoil of living for a few
precious hours by visiting Longwood. It is
irrefutable proof of the truth in the words
of Henry B. du Pont:

“In the midst of the expanding popu¬
lated areas resulting from the industrial
urbanization of our East Coast, it is im¬
perative that we maintain open space
dedicated to natural beauty and the fruits
of horticulture for the enjoyment and
cultural enrichment of the public

A million visitors’ voices say, “Amen! ”

Italian Water Garden at Longwood Gardens

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Faris, John T., 1932. Old Gardens in and about Philadelphia, Bobbs-Merrill Co., Indianapolis,
p. 215 - 226.

Longwood Gardens, 1967. Published by: Longwood Foundation, Inc., Kennett Square, Pa., 108 p.

Miscellaneous Publications of Longwood Gardens:

A Visit to Longwood Gardens, 1963, Longwood Foundation, Inc., booklet, 28 p.

A Self-Guided Tree Tour of Longwood Gardens, no date, pamphlet, 16 p.

Guide Maps to the Conservatories and Outdoor Gardens, no date, folder.

Longwood Gardens - An Outstanding Horticultural Display, no date, mimeographed, 8 p.
Notes for Visitors, no date, folder.

Slosson, Elvenia (Compiled by), 1951. Pioneer American Gardening, Coward-McCann, Inc., New
York, p. 63 - 68, by Emily F. Cheston.

81

FOCUS on
M angifem
Indica

in the

Boettcher Memorial
Conservatory

The mango, Mangifera indica L., a
tropical evergreen tree native to southeast
Asia is one of the oldest and most im¬
portant of tropical fruits. Few fruits have
the same historical background or are so
closely connected with folklore and re¬
ligion. It is a sacred tree in India. A
mango grove is supposed to have been
presented to Buddha as a place of repose.
Akbar, who ruled northern India in the
16th century is said to have planted an
orchard of 100,000 trees at a time when
large orchards were unknown.

The Portugese introduced the fruit to
Brazil and from there it spread all over
the tropical and semitropical part of the
continent, and flourished in Florida and
throughout the Caribbean. The original
name of the fruit comes from the Tamil,
man-kay {man, mango tree; kay, fruit)
but the Portugese picked up the Malay
name, manga, and bequeathed it to us.
English and Spanish peoples call it the

Peg Hayward

mango; the French call it mangne.

Mango trees belong to the Anacardi-
aceae family which furnishes also the
pistachio nut and the cashew and is
represented in temperate regions by
sumacs and poison-ivy.

Many varieties of mango are now
grown but few people agree as to their
merits. The basis for this lies in the fruit
itself. A superior variety of mango,
properly ripened, is all that the enthusiasts
say it is — “king of tropical fruits.” An
inferior or unripe mango is fibrous, tough,
acid, and does have a flavor resembling
turpentine.

The tree reaches a height of about
70 feet with a trunk up to 3 feet in
diameter. It forms a rounded crown of
spreading branches with luxuriant foliage,
furnishing abundant shade during the
year. The mango tree is resinous through¬
out and the gum and bark are used

82

medicinally for an astringent. The
pointed leathery leaves, up to 1 foot,
often have wavy margins. When crushed
they emit a sweet resinous odor. The
young leaves are pink or reddish and
hang limply.

About January, large panicles of tiny,
pinkish-white or yellowish, 4 to 5 parted
flowers, densely covered with short yellow
hairs, begin to rise from the terminal
buds of the shoots. Not all of the flowers
look alike. Some have small rounded
globes (ovaries) on pillow-like disks, while
others develop only one single stamen.
Only those flowers with ovaries can
produce fruits and they are a minority.
About 5 months are required from
flower to fruit. In shape, fruits vary from
almost round to narrow oblong or oval,
and are slightly beaked at one end with
a bulge at the other side. The fruit, hang¬
ing like pendulums from long stems,
may weigh up to 4 pounds. Their colors

vary too, some when ripe may have yellow
or orange-coloured skin, or greenish-
yellow with a red flush. The pulp is
orange in color and when ripe has a rich,
luscious, aromatic flavor. The pulp sur¬
rounds a large, flattened, fibrous seed
case containing one seed. Mangoes are
eaten raw and are used in curries, pre¬
serves, desserts and other ways. Some
people are sensitive to the raw fruits and
suffer from a poison-ivy-like rash about
the lips and face as a result of eating
them.

Mango wood is used for making doors,
window frames, packing cases, boats, and
plywood. Cattle eat the foliage and a
yellow dye is obtained from the leaves
and bark. In Mexico, the leaves and stems
are used to clean teeth and harden gums.
Hindus regard mango leaves as symbols
of happiness and prosperity and use them
on festive and religious occasions.

- CUT HERE-

DENVER BOTANIC GARDENS

909 York Street, Denver, Colorado 80206

I hereby apply for membership in the Denver Botanic Gardens D
I wish my membership in the Denver Botanic Gardens extended
Enclosed is $ _ for my annual dues.

Class of Membership desired: (check one)

□ Junior.— $ 2.50 □ Supporting.— $ 25.00

□ Regular ....— $ 7.50 □ Contributing.— $ 50.00

Participating . — $15.00 □ Business & Education Institutional — $100.00

Name

Address

City State Zip Code

83

FALL CLEAN-UP

Putting Your Garden To Bed
For the Winter

After the scorching dog days of mid¬
summer it is a great temptation to let
flower beds, particularly annual beds, and
the vegetable garden, go to weeds. The
flowers and vegetables are past their
prime anyway and you are inclined to
think that the whole mess will be easy to
clean up in the spring. Don’t fall into that
pitfall. Now is the time to get your garden
ready for winter and spring.

Now is the time when weather and
soil conditions are best for garden work.
In the spring you will be rushed and will
have too many tasks demanding your
attention; you won’t be able to do a good
job. Besides, a cleaned-up garden looks
neater during the winter. You’ll be glad
you took care of the job.

Weeds Are Not Necessary

A cultivated area, kept free of weeds
for years and surrounded by lawn, even¬
tually produces no weeds, or at least, very
few. If you allow no weeds to go to seed,
sooner or later you will be rid of most of
them. Theoretically it should take a long
time to achieve a weed-free garden as
some weed seeds survive for decades. But,
in practice, these seeds get killed or eaten.
It is quite possible to have a weed-free
garden.

Once you have decided to keep the
garden free of weeds right through to
frost, you are lined up to clear the ground

Raymond A. Blue

and turn it during the fall months. As you
spade, you may wish to turn under
manure, leafmold, compost or peat. These
organic materials, fortified with ammo¬
nium sulphate, work better if incorpor¬
ated into the soil several months before
planting time. Leave the soil quite rough
at the surface so it will break down well
with freezing and thawing during the
winter,yielding that much desired “friable
loam” the garden books talk about.

Now is also a fine time to lay out new
beds or to change your existing beds in
size or shape.

Fall clean-up extends beyond pulling
weeds, eliminating dead annuals and
vegetables, and spading. Look to your
perennial plantings.

Look Over Your Trees

Dead wood removal from shade and
ornamental trees is timely now. On many
shade trees you will find sections of bark
splitting and coming loose, esepcially on
the southwest side in the lower reaches of
tree trunks. Do not expect this bark to
grow back. The only action that can be
recommended is careful removal of the
bark with a sharp knife to a point where
it is still healthy and firmly attached to
the trunk or branch. Then the wound
should be covered with asphalt tree paint
to keep the wood moist and stimulate re¬
growth and healing.

84

Evergreens should not be pruned very
much at this time. Delay major pruning
on evergreen trees and shrubs until mid¬
spring. Corrective pruning, however, is
proper now.

The removal of dead trees is a task
that may well be undertaken in the fall.
You can readily dig out small trees with
their roots and dispose of them. Large
trees must be removed by experienced
workmen with proper equipment to safe¬
guard nearby structures, especially those
bordering your property. It is not a good
idea to simply cut off a trunk at the
ground level, leaving the root system
behind with the hope it will eventually
decay and disappear. Such decay in this
region could take quite a few years, and
burning is no longer possible. Both old
and new stumps can be ground out by
commercial firms to make the spot usable
for replacement planting.

You can also prune and trim shrubs
and hedges. By close observation you can
tell the difference between dead wood
and live wood on a shrub. The bark on
the dead wood is usually dull or off-color
with cracks. Live wood will be plump and

succulent in appearance. For pruning of
this type, you need not only a good pair
of hand trimmers, but also a long-handled
pair of loppers for easy removal of dead
wood. Thinning-out operations on older
shrubs is necessary to maintain a healthy
and attractive appearance. This also applies
to most deciduous hedges. Dead wood
will not produce live shoots so it is well
to remove it whenever you have the time
and inclination.

The Iris and the Peonies

Have you looked at your iris plantings
lately? Chances are there are diseased,
dried leaves twisted and matted down
among the rhizomes. These should be
hand picked, leaving the bed as clean as
possible so air and light can reach those
rhizome tops to reduce disease and insect
pests. As a part of this clean-up remove
all bloom stalks and cut off the top half
of the leaves.

What about your peony plants? The
tops of these should be cut back in
September. Cultivate around the plants
before you remove the foliage. You may
hoe into the crown if you cut back first
and then cultivate. After the plants are
trimmed, dress the bed with well rotted
manure or your own compost fortified
with a slow-acting fertilizer such as bone-
meal. Peonies really respond to fall clean¬
ing and feeding.

Other perennials should have been cut
back as blooms faded, as setting seed
debilitates the plants. But check them
over, and clip out any tired stalks. Use a
small pronged scratcher to loosen the
ground between the perennial clumps. As
you work, divide any clumps that need it.
With this done, springtime in the garden
will be less hectic next year.

Take Care of the Mums

Mum plants should be cut down to
about four inches. Snow is an ideal pro¬
tection for them but in our area it cannot
be depended upon to remain long enough
to protect them from the winter sun, dry¬
ing winds, fluctuations of temperature or

85

FALL CLEAN-UP

freezing and thawing. Evergreen branches
make good protective covering. Place
them over the plants after the ground is
frozen — usually about the first week in
January after the indoor Christmas tree is
dismantled. Get your neighbors’ trees
also. The evergreen branches permit air
circulation and break up any ice forma¬
tions that may come in the form of sleet
or frozen rain. The branches also catch
and hold the snow, which is needed. The
soil should be well drained; the better the
drainage, the better chance the plants
have of wintering well. Don’t cover plants
with grass; it mats and smothers them.

And the Roses

To have a good chance of surviving a
normal winter, all garden roses in an ex¬
posed location must have some winter
protection. In most years the foliage has
not been completely frozen on our roses
at this time. However, we know that some
extremely cold temperatures may occur
in November or December which will
freeze the ground and make protection
difficult. Do the job early.

First, in order to avoid late fall or mid¬
winter breakage, prune all canes back to
about 18-20 inches in height. Tie the
canes on each plant loosely together with
soft twine to prevent wind breakage. Then
thoroughly cover them with a dormant
spray to prevent carryover of insects in
larva, pupa, or egg form. You can use
lime-sulphur, wettable sulphur, or miscible
oil.

When the roses have been braced and
cleaned, they are ready for mounding.
Apply a collar of hardware cloth or plastic
in a circle around and above the root
system, about 8 to 10 inches high, and
fill it with soil or similar material to act
as temperature protection for the lower
part of the plant. If you take the soil
from between the plants, be sure not to
dig too deeply, as rose roots are near the
surface. It is best to borrow the material
from another part of the garden.

Bulbs for Spring

This is a good time to secure a goodly
number of fine spring-flowering bulbs.
You can plant them as long as the condi¬
tion of the soil permits. Don’t forget to
take away any plants placed over your
present bulbs last summer. Also, I hope
you have not forgotten to dig your
gladioluses and dahlias and have stored
the bulbs safely.

All tender foliage plants which are to
be moved into the house for the winter
should be given a thorough spraying with
Malathion or nicotine-sulphate to kill
aphids and red spider mites. If you have
not already done so, now is the time to
slip your geraniums. Root them in wet
sand and then place them in pots for
winter growth in the house. The remain¬
ing portions of the plant can be discarded.

Level Up the Lawn

If your lawn has developed low spots,
you can repair it at this time. If the low
spot is more than an inch below the nor¬
mal level of the lawn, you should lift the
entire section of sod, fill with soil below
it, and then replace the sod. For this you
can rent a machine known as a sod cutter
from a rental company, nursery or garden
center. For depressions of less than one
inch, you can easily raise the level by top
dressing a half-inch now and another half¬
inch during the spring with a mixture of
sand, soil and peat. The crowns of the
bluegrass will move up gradually through
the dressing and leveling will be accom¬
plished in six to nine months.

Tools and Chemicals

Now is the time to clean up your tools
and sharpen them. Rub with oil and place
in a dry place. Next spring you won’t
have time to do this. Pick a nice sunny
day and get outside and enjoy the sun
while doing this chore.

If you have the space, buy fertilizers
now at discounts for next year’s use; it

86

Every gardener has a chemical shelf.

won’t deteriorate.

Every gardener has a shelf loaded with
bottles and boxes of chemicals to aid his
gardening efforts. Now is the time to
check them over and discard any that you
don’t want. Do this carefully so that they
do not get into the hands of children.

Protect the liquid chemicals you retain
from freezing.

As you know, the bugs are going to
survive the winter and be with you again
in the spring. To cut down their popula¬
tion plan to spray your trees and other
plants with dormant sprays in the early
spring, just before any growth is visible.
The home gardener may use either lime-
sulphur, a dinitro compound, or an oil
spray. Follow instructions on the package
carefully!

Do not use lime-sulphur near painted
surfaces — it stains.

Use oil sprays only on bright, clear
days when temperatures are above 45
degrees.

Now, if you clean up this fall as I
have encouraged you to do, you will have
a lot of cuttings and refuse. What to do
with all this debris now that burning is
banned? One quick and final way is to
send it to the dump. The preferred way
is to compost it; really the best way in
the long run. Try it.

Raymond A. Blue, an active gardener in the Denver region, is a past-president of Men’s
Garden Club of Denver and past-treasurer of the national organization, Men’s Garden Clubs of
America. He was the garden advisor in Herb Gundell’s office while Herb was in the hospital.

87

THE HOMESTEAD

Cinca 1973

No, it is not a homestead like the
ones of the previous century, but rather
it is a small mral acreage — 2.53 acres —
located northwest of Arvada. To us, my
wife Janet and I, it is fondly known as
‘The Farm”, and is a dream on the way
to becoming a reality. We are “extremists”
in that we find the “high” standard of
living in the United States today too
plasticized and artificial for our liking.
This small piece of God’s green earth is
for us a chance to let our children, Bill,
Lynn, and Lisa, grow up savoring and
enjoying some of nature’s wonders. What
pleasure they have derived out of watch¬
ing a mantis egg case hatch scores of
insects, in seeing their own pet ducks
coming out of the shell, or in gathering a
still warm chicken egg! Then too there
are the various forms of wildlife that
they have encountered: fox, rabbits,
numerous types of birds, harmless snakes,
lizards and the like. Wildlife and our
garden are inseparable.

Glen Mentgen

We are not advocating a return to the
19th century but rather that people be
more aware that the technology of this
day and age uses nature rather than works
with nature. What we have set out to
“prove” is that we can develop a garden
show place; not just an ordinary garden
but one which would be developed en¬
tirely by natural (some use the word
organic) means, that is, without the use
of any poisonous chemicals or pesticides;
one which we could be justly proud to
exhibit to everyone.

We Begin

Our first step toward the realization
of our dream was taken in September of
1969 when we purchased “The Farm”.
It certainly wasn’t much to look at then,
only a field of native grasses and some
alfalfa. I won’t forget that first year when
we tried to plant some iris — it took a
pick to dig the planting holes. The next
year we purchased a second-hand tiller,

88

100,000 BLOOMS

which lasted all of about three weeks in
that soil. Next item — get a new machine,
this time a little larger one, a 5 hp tiller
Except for an occasional overhaul of the
transmission which was losing seals due
to bindweed, it has performed faithfully.
This past year we moved up to an even
larger machine, a 7.6 hp Gravely, with a
rotary plow and rotary cultivator. Another
piece of equipment which we have ob¬
tained is a grinder for making of compost.

This will be our fourth season working
the land and we have come a long way
from grass and alfalfa to approximately
a 1 /4 acre vegetable garden in which we
grow everything from artichokes to
zucchini. This year we have Jerusalem
artichokes, two varieties of peas, three
types of beans, cucumbers, spinach, sun¬
flowers, swiss chard, carrots, beets (red
and golden), radishes, rhubarb, cabbage,
broccoli, kohlrabi, strawberries, potatoes,
many types of herbs, several varieties of
squash and 25 types of tomatoes.

Potatoes and Trees

The “novel” item in the garden is the
potato patch. The “spuds” are grown
above ground. The ground was prepared
as though we were going to plant nor¬
mally, but instead the potato seed was
merely laid on the soil and covered with
about 12 inches of straw mulch. The
potato plant grows up through the mulch
and the “spuds” form at the ground/
mulch interface, making harvesting much
simpler. Want potatoes for supper? Just
feel along the mulch for a bump, reach
into the mulch and pick ... no digging,
very little washing and the best part is
that the plant is not disturbed and goes

right on making more potatoes.

As our property lies in line with a
mountain canyon, we get more than our
share of intense wind. To help combat
this situation, we have planted many
seedling windbreak trees. Since ours is
over two acres, we qualify to purchase
seedlings from the Forest Service. The
windbreak will serve more than the ob¬
vious function, it will also provide shelter
and food for the many species of birds
and other wildlife in the area. When
selecting the various types of trees to
plant, we always kept in mind this second
function and as a result have planted
trees such as Russian olives, caragana,
cotoneaster, lilac, elms, sumac, native
plum and red cedar. In all we have planted
over 500 trees.

In addition to our vegetable garden we
have developed a large planting of dahlias.
At present we have somewhere between
2000 and 2500 hills of dahlias which
rewards us and our many visitors with an
estimated 100,000 blooms each season.
As of this year, we have about 400 vari¬
eties under cultivation. My next love to
the dahlia is the bearded iris, of which we
have about 200 varieties.

Insect Control

In the insect control department we
use only natural biological methods, the
mainstay of which is the praying mantis,
lady beetles (bugs) and our poultry flock.
It is estimated that there are over one
million different kinds of insects in the
world, and of those only about one per¬
cent (about 10,000) are considered as
possible pests and of these only about

89

THE MUSCOVIES ARE PETS

100 are really any serious problem in the
garden. Which is to say that most “crawly
things” are just that: crawling things; and
the philosophy of “the only good bug is
a dead bug” is entirely uncalled for, see¬
ing that about 990,000 “bugs” are harm¬
less and in many cases actually beneficial
to mankind.

The lady bugs are indigenous, but the
mantids are the Oriental variety and are
introduced yearly via egg cases. Each egg
case will hatch from 40 to 200 mantids
each. At the end of the season, you can
see these wonderful creatures all over the
farm. They are a delight to watch and the
children love to play with them, even
hand feeding them. To achieve successful
biological control, the garden must be
filled with insects.

The Poultry

Our poultry consists of a small flock
of Muscovy ducks, a pair of Enden geese,
four white Pekin ducks and a few
chickens. We did not always have the
Muscovies, as we started out with a pair
of Chinese geese and four ducks. What I
didn’t know about poultry when we
started would fill volumes, and my “pair”
of geese turned out to be both ganders.
Mean? They would take on anything that
would run, which unfortunately was our
youngest daughter, Lisa. She was only
three at the time and the geese towered
over her. Since we want the children to
learn to love all creatures and to develop
an appreciation for all life forms, we had

to get rid of the trouble makers. That’s
how I acquired the Muscovy ducks. Even
though the kids were afraid of the geese,
they would not allow them to end up on
the Thanksgiving and Christmas dinner
table, so I traded them for the Muscovies.
These ducks have worked out wonder¬
fully. Some of them spend the summer
months in a home yard to control the in¬
sects. If you ever wanted a wonderful pet,
the Muscovy is it. Unlike the noisy Pekin,
the Muscovy is “quackless”, thereby mak¬
ing it ideal as a pet in the city. Our flock
has grown to around twenty birds (forty
since this article was written) which not
only control insects, but also furnish
meat and eggs for the table and are a
good source of manure for the compost
pile.

Manure and Mulch

In addition to the manure supplied by
our birds, we also utilize horse, cow and
sheep manures. We are fortunate to be
located in an area that has many horses
and people will gladly deliver the manure
to us when they clean their corrals rather
than pay at the county dump to rid them¬
selves of it.

To help maintain a reasonable water
bill (as we are on city water) we use a
great quantity of mulch. Mulch in the
flower beds, mulch in the vegetable
garden and mulch around many of the
trees. You might say that we are doing
“mulch landscaping”. Last year for in¬
stance, we used about 400 bales of
spoiled straw and hay.These we buy from

90

DOWN ON THE FARM

local farmers for about 10 to 15 cents
per bale, if we haul it. This is supple¬
mented with many truckloads of leaves
which we gather and haul in the autumn.
Then in keeping with nature’s basic law,
“nothing is ever wasted”, we make about
20 tons of compost per year. Almost
everything is recycled back into the land:
the spent dahlia stalks, vegetable trim¬
mings, weeds, grass clippings, etc.

Sounds like a lot of work you say?
Physically, hoeing weeds, tilling the gar¬

dens, dragging hoses around, turning
compost piles, are “harder” than my
normal 8 to 5 job of computer systems
analyst, and yet the rewards, though not
money, are far greater to my family and
me than anything else that I can imagine.
To see our children grow up loving the
land and gaining the realization that
nature recognizes no villains, per se; that
only we humans label our fellow creatures
as “good or bad” is worth every hour
spent at ‘The Farm”.

91

SIMPLE COMPOSTING
for the

CITY GARDEN

You can make good compost without
an elaborate installation and without
following complex formulas. The compost
will do wonders for the soil and, con¬
sequently, for plants you grow. Here is a
description of the facilities and methods
of one city backyard gardener. They work.

The Structure: The compost pile, bin,
or structure that I use is made of 2 x
4-inch boards, 4 feet long. A hole is
bored in both ends of each board, large
enough to accommodate iron rods or
pipes x h inch in diameter. The pipes are
placed at the four comers of the bin and
the boards are slipped over them. Place
front and back boards first; then the two
side boards; then front and back again,
and so on. No nails or other fastenings
are needed. This construction leaves
2-inch spaces between the boards.

My pile is 4 feet square and 4 feet
high. The 4-foot depth is plenty — you
have to reach the back of the pile from
the front with a shovel. And 4-foot
height is about right — you have to shovel
your compost material into the bin at

Wes Woodward

the top. The bin could be any length over
4 feet.

Leave a space of about 18 inches at
the bottom in front so that you can
shovel the finished compost out of the
bin. This means that you use 4-inch
blocks instead of the 4-foot long boards,
in front, at the bottom. Boards run
vertically, instead of horizontally, spaced
a couple of inches apart, would do as
well, or better. However, the bin would
be more difficult to build, requiring a
frame outside to nail the boards to. You
could build a compost bin out of heavy
chicken wire or woven-wire fencing,
fastened to sturdy corner posts.

The System: I’m not saying what the
best, or ideal, system would be. The way
I do it is this: I have a working space
about 5 feet wide and 15 feet long next
to the compost pile. At the far end of
this space, away from the bin, I let the
material — leaves, grass, weeds, trimmings
— accumulate in a pile. I have a small
pile of dirt near the bin, and when I am

92

prosperous and can afford it, a pile of
manure too. The weeds, leaves, trimmings
and grass accumulate all summer and fall
and dry out in the winter. Then, in the
early spring (March, preferably) I borrow
a grinder and grind up all the accumulated
material, making another pile of ground¬
up “stuff” next to the bin.

The ground-up “stuff” is shoveled
into the compost bin to make a layer
about 8 inches thick. Then some dirt
goes on top of that — an uneven layer
maybe Vi inch thick. Then a few shovel-
fulls of manure. Put in plenty; it’s organic
and the more you have the better the pile
will work and the richer the finished
compost. Then, some water. Let the hose
run for ten minutes or more on top of
each layer. The material should be damp.

Now, another layer of “stuff’ and
the dirt, manure, and water again. And
so on until the bin is full. The more
material in the bin, the better it works.
In a few hours or a few days this damp
material will settle considerably and you
can fill up the bin again.

One more thing: Each day the garbage
is dumped onto the stuff in the pile. It is
mostly vegetable matter and soft; no
metal, plastic, paper, bones or grease.
Contrary to popular belief, it has no odor;
probably because the pile is working —
the bacteria are working on it. Visitors
who come to see the pile always check
this out, and are always convinced.

The Material: Just about all plant or
animal material can go into compost. The
bulk of my material is leaves, weeds, plant
trimmings and grass cut from the lawn.
If you have a lot of grass don’t let it wad
into a thick mass. Scatter it over the
coarser material, mix it with leaves.
Grass is no problem if you grind your
material; it will get well distributed. It
is said that some kinds of leaves are not
good in compost. I put in all the leaves
I can get, from our trees and yard and
from the neighbor’s trees and yards —
elm, maple, walnut, fruit, sumac, ash,
locust, poplar — anything. It all makes

good compost.

I pull weeds whenever I see them and
they all go into the pile. Some people
worry about getting weed seeds into
their compost. You don’t have weed seeds
if you pull the weeds before they make
seeds. I never put dandelion blossoms, in
any stage of their development, into the
pile. It’s just good housekeeping to get
all the weeds before they go to seed.
You don’t want weeds anywhere. Don’t
use diseased plant material.

By July the big plants in the garden,
like poppies, peonies, phlox and shrubs,
begin to get too big and spreading. I am
constantly trimming them. The trimmings
go into the compost. And I am con¬
stantly trimming the trees and bigger
bushes like lilacs. Any limbs smaller than
a pencil in diameter go into the pile. The
grinder will take care of them. On larger
limbs I cut off the leafy twigs and use
them.

Grass cuttings, sod, withered cut
flowers, bean and pea pods, rhubarb
leaves, dried leaves in the gutter or oiji
the lawn ... If you get more fish thaik
you can eat, put them in the pile. Cov^r
them with grass or leaves. Wood chips
from those big machines that grind up
trees can be used, as well as sawdust. But
these things take a long time to decom¬
pose. Farm wastes are fine; hay — either
good or spoiled, straw, sugar-beet tops
and pulp.

Not lime; not in our western alkaline
clay country. We don’t need it. And I
don’t think we need any “activators” in
the compost. You can buy products that
are advertised as being compost producers
— powders or pellets that are supposed
to speed up and enrich the composting.
Those who have used them tell me they
couldn’t see that these products made
any difference. Manure will make a
difference.

The Grinder: Special grinders are
manufactured just for this purpose. The
only ones I know anything about are
W-W and Kemp. Both are good. There

93

i V..

leavesj grass ;
weeds, etc.

Manure

6round-up

"Stuff"

and comes
out fere

leave room -for grinder and working space
Layout of the work area

are others which may be just as good.
The grinder has to be stout, sturdy and
reliable. They come with a gasoline
engine or an electric motor, several
models of each kind.

It takes time to grind garden material.
You have to feed the grinder a little at a
time by hand. Don’t put wet material
into it; it will wad up and gum up the
screen. Keep out rocks, bones, and big
chunks of wood.

If you are grinding a lot of fine stuff,
like grass, I suggest you wear a mask
over your nose and mouth. The air will
be full of dust, not good for your lungs.
If there are clean clothes on the clothes
line, they will probably collect some of
the dust.

It isn’t absolutely necessary to use a
grinder. I composted many years without
one. But grinding the material sure speeds
up the process and improves the compost.
The material in the pit must be compact
or it won’t work.

The Process: It’s a bacterial process,
not a chemical one. As long as the

material in the pile is warm, and con¬
tains food, like manure, for the bacteria,
it will work. I use no chemicals whatever.
I’ve read that the pile should have air
holes punched down through the center
and the material should be turned over
frequently. I do neither of these things
and the pile works very well.

How Long? If the pile is made as I
have described, if it has enough manure,
and if the weather is warm and the pile
is damp, it takes from one to three
months to make compost. I am not sure
of the time because I keep the bin full
and I always have some compost at the
bottom. Nothing much happens in the
cold of winter. It’s good to know that
if you do everything wrong and all condi¬
tions are unfavorable, the plant material
is still going to break down into some¬
thing good for the soil. Look at the floor
of a forest, or a jungle.

Use of Compost: I like to have a lot
of compost in the fall, when frost has
stopped the growth of plants. That is the

94

time for a clean-up job, pulling the
annuals, cutting off the perennials, and
putting all the trimmings into the pre¬
liminary pile of material. That is a good
time to put compost on the garden,
everywhere, as much as is available, taking
care not to bury the crowns of the
perennials. All exposed soil is covered.
I would put compost on the lawn if I
had enough.

Then, in the spring, I do it again, just
as I did in the fall.

When the rose bushes are uncovered,
about Memorial Day, and the dirt hauled
to the work area, I put two or three
inches of compost on the rose bed.

It may be a good idea to spade the
compost into the soil but I find it un¬
necessary. In fact, I don’t spade or turn
over any soil at any time, unless I’m
setting out a new plant. The compost
goes into the soil soon enough. There has
been fourteen years of this and now I
have several inches of soft dark soil in the
garden. It was a hard, lifeless clay in the
beginning.

What Does It Do? I’m not involved in
this organic material vs. chemical contro¬

versy, but I find that compost does all
that I want it to do in my garden. It
loosens up the soil and prevents harden¬
ing and caking. It absorbs and holds all
the moisture that reaches the garden. It
does not upset the natural bacterial pro¬
cesses that go on in good soil. And it
seems to furnish the elements, in usable
form, that the plants need. The Denver
Post reporter said my garden looked like
a rain forest.

I have very little disease and few bugs
on my plants. I can’t say that organic
gardening is responsible for this. Perhaps
it is because the plants are strong and
healthy.

Finally , I suggest that you don’t make
an irksome technical chore out of com¬
posting. Maybe things would work better
if they were done scientifically, according
to formula. But they work well if you
do your composting happily and easily,
when you have the time and the inclina¬
tion. You have to work at it. You can’t
do a good job without a lot of hours of
labor. But that is true of anything creative
and worth while. That’s what gardening
is all about.

Gifts and Bequests

Lifetime and testamentary gifts to the Denver Botanic Gardens are deductible in computing
both income and death taxes. The Trustees ask anyone who wishes to add to the Gardens'
limited resources to consider making a gift of either real or personal property during life, or
a bequest or devise by will. Such disposition can be made specifically either for the Development
Fund or the Endowment Fund or both. The proper designation of the recipient is The Denver
Botanic Gardens, Inc., a Colorado Corporation.

FORM for GIFT or BEQUEST

I hereby give □ bequeath □ to The Denver Botanic Gardens, Inc., a Colorado Corporation, a
non-profit, educational institution, the following:

Endowment Fund, Amount:_ Development Fund, Amount:_

to be applied for the purposes of The Denver Botanic Gardens.

Name __

Address__

City _ State-Zip _

Signature_ Phone_

95

LIFT THE WORLD'S SPIRITS

From Mrs. Arch (Gloria) Barron, Colorado Springs:

“It was such a joyous sight (Plant Sale at Denver Botanic Gardens) to watch the
stream of happy people, each one carrying plants of his own special choice, and every¬
one smiling at everyone else! If I were a newsman, I would have taken movies of this
scene and lifted the world’s spirits a couple of notches. I am so proud of Denver for
having the Gardens; I only wish Colorado Springs had the vision to have one, too.”

Mrs. Barron sent a quotation which she recommends:

“To me, this statement is a loving tribute to places such as Denver Botanic Gardens.
I think your readers will enjoy this quote, one of the most meaningful I have ever
come across.”

. . . Flowers themselves assumed a variety of forms and colors that in most
cases cannot possibly be accounted for as having survival value in the struggle
for existence. . .. Biological creativity exists for its own sake: if survival were
all that mattered, life might have remained in the primal ooze, or crept no
further upward than the lichens.

. . . Long before man himself became conscious of beauty, beauty existed
in the endlessly varied forms and colors of the flowering plants. The selection
and encouragement of these plants, quite apart from any utilitarian value, was
what gave man his first real glimpse, perhaps, of paradise — for paradise is
only the original Persian name for a walled garden. The capacity for exuberant
expression symbolized by efflorescence — this is the primal gift of life; and
to consciously maintain it and guard it and expand it is one of the ultimate
reasons for human existence.

Mrs. Barron’s letter reminds us that Denver Botanic Gardens is immensely important
to this community, that we must maintain and guard the bit of nature The Gardens
have brought to the city.

Sometimes, looking in dismay at the constant spread of buildings, pavements, and
parking lots which destroy the natural beauty of our land, we feel that beauty is dying
and that no one cares. There are people who care, and many of them in this area are
members of Denver Botanic Gardens. Now, more than ever, these people have a
mission to preserve and protect the plants and trees and flowers we love.

We are, in a way, like the monks of the Dark Ages who maintained, in the midst of
violence and ignorance, the learning and wisdom of the world. They preserved the best
things within the walls of their monasteries so that they could be spread again when a
better time came. The Gardens we establish now give us pleasure and will, in the future,
be precious to later generations, and may well be the source of another spreading and
flowering of beauty.

The words quoted by Mrs. Barron are from a summary chapter by Lewis Mumford in the
book, "Challenge For Survival — land, air and water for man in megalopolis,” published by
Columbia University Press. The book is a compendium of 12 thoughtful presentations by
recognized experts at a Symposium sponsored by New York Botanical Garden, April 25, 1968.
Editor Pierre Danserau is Senior Curator of Ecology at New York Botanical Garden. The
excerpt from Mumford is published here by permission of Columbia University Press.

96

DENVER BOTANIC GARDENS, INC.
A Non-Profit Organization

OFFICERS

Mr. John C. Mitchell . President

Mr. Harley G. Higbie, Jr. Vice-President

Mr. Charles C. Nicola. Vice-President

Mrs. James J. Waring. Vice-President

Dr. Moras L. Shubert. Secretary

Mr. Richard A. Kirk. Treasurer

STAFF

Dr. William G. Gambill, Jr. Director

Mr. Andrew R. Knauer. Assistant Director

Mr. Ernest A. Bibee. Conservatory Superintendent

Mr. David A. Blades . Assistant Conservatory Superintendent

Mrs. Beverly M. Nilsen. Botanist-Horticulturist

Miss Margaret Sikes. Education Director

Mrs. Solange Huggins. Librarian

Dr. A. C. Hildreth. Director Emeritus

ILLUSTRATION SOURCES

Cover - Drawing by Phil Hayward

Page 66 — Photo courtesy James R. Feucht

Pages 67, 68 — Photos from Brooklyn Botanic Garden Handbook

Page 70 - Photo by Loraine Yeatts

Page 71 - Photo by E. Alan Rollinger

Pages 73, 74, 75 - Drawings by F. Lechleitner, D. Johnson,

M. Palmer, and T. Dimock, Colo. State U.
Pages 77, 79, 81 - Photos courtesy Longwood Gardens
Page 82 - Drawing by Phil Hayward
Page 85 — Drawing by Polly Steele
Page 87 - Photo from Green Thumb files
Page 91 — Photo from National Audubon Society
Pages 92, 94 - Drawings by David Woodward

The Green Thumb

DENVER BOTANIC GARDENS
909 YORK STREET
DENVER, COLORADO 80206

DO NOT FOLD

ADDRESS CORRECTION
REQUESTED RETU RN
POSTAGE GUARANTEED

NON-PROFIT

ORG.

U. S. POSTAGE

PAID

Permit No. 205
Denver, Colorado

Botanic Gardens House

Denver Botanic Gardens maintains a collection of living plants, both native and exotic,
for the purpose of acquiring, advancing and spreading botanical and horticultural knowledge.

This is a non-profit organi¬
zation supported by municipal
and private funds.

THE COVER

Dr. Helen Marsh Zeiner in

the Kathryn Kalmbach Herbarium

Photo by Loraine Yeatts

THE GREEN THUMB

VOL. THIRTY, NUMBER FOUR

Editorial Committee
Mrs. Walter B. Ash
Mrs. William H. Crisp
Dr. William G. Gambill, Jr.

Mrs. Phil Hayward
Dr. A. C. Hildreth
Solange Huggins
Mrs. Robert M. Kosanke
Frances Novitt
Mrs. J. V. Petersen, Chairman
Dr. Moras L. Shubert
Miss Margaret Sikes
Pauline Roberts Steele
Dr. Helen Marsh Zeiner
Mr. Wes Woodward, Editor

Published by Denver Botanic Gardens, 909 York Street, Denver, Colorado 80206.

Se>nt free to all members of the organization. Junior membership $2.50, Regular $7.50,
Participating $15.00, Supporting $25.00, Contributing $50.00. Business and Educational

Institutional $100.00.

By becoming a member of Denver Botanic Gardens, you will receive THE GREEN THUMB and
the monthly NEWSLETTER. You will also have unlimited access to the use of the books in
the Helen K. Fowler Library, now located in Boettcher Memorial Center at 1005 York Street.

For further information write to Membership Chairman, Botanic Gardens House, 909 York Street,
Denver, Colorado 80206, or call 297-2547.

Copyright 1973 by Denver Botanic Gardens, Inc.

- The Green Thumb —

Copyright 1973
WES WOODWARD-EDITOR

WINTER, 1973

KATHRYN KALMBACH HERBARIUM - Helen Marsh Zeiner _ 98

HELEN MARSH ZEINER - Green Thumb Report . 104

The Latchstring is Out at

THE MORTON ARBORETUM HERBARIUM -

Avalonne Kosanke . 106

OUR NATIONAL SEED TREASURE — Josephine Robertson .110

NEW BOOKS

in The Helen Fowler Library — Solange Huggins

and Andrew Knauer . 114

MARGARET McLISTER, A Tribute - Anna R. Garrey . 115

Focus on CYPHOMANDRA BETACEA — Peg Hayward . 116

DR. CUTLER and the Denver University Rose —

Green Thumb Report . 118

SPOTTED CORAL ROOT - Carol L. Radetsky . 122

Exotics of Colorado,

WHITE SPRUCE - Helen Marsh Zeiner . 124

Green Thumb Index, 1073 126

97

THE KATHRYN KALMBACH
HERBARIUM

DENVER BOTANIC GARDENS

Now that the Kathryn Kalmbach
Herbarium is located in the Education
Building and easily accessible to visitors,
workers in the herbarium are becoming
very much aware that many people do
not understand the nature and functions
of an herbarium. Visitors come to the
herbarium fully expecting to see a col¬
lection of culinary herbs, complete with
recipes for their use and directions for
their culture. This misconception is by
no means limited to the Kathryn Kalm¬
bach Herbarium - Morton Arboretum
reports that visitors there have the same
mistaken idea 1 , and this is undoubtedly
true of other herbaria as well.

The misunderstanding about herbs and
an herbarium arises because of the simi¬
larity of the two words, both derived
from the Latin herba. “Herb” to the
botanist means any non-woody flowering
plant. An herbarium, therefore, is not a
collection of culinary, medicinal, or
aromatic plants as the common use of
the word herb might imply. An herbarium

Helen Marsh Zeiner

may include all plants, both woody and
non-woody.

What Is An Herbarium?

An herbarium may be defined as a
collection of dried, pressed plants system¬
atically named and arranged for ready
reference and study. The plants are care¬
fully pressed and mounted, then labeled
with scientific name, place of collection,
habitat, name of collector, and other
pertinent information.

We mi gilt also think of an herbarium
as a reference library of pressed plants.

Although botanists have always col¬
lected and classified plants, it was not
until the sixteenth century that they
began to preserve plants for future
reference and study. 2 The herbarium of
one of these sixteenth century botanists,
Andrea Cesalpino, was assembled in 1563
and is still in existence in the Museum of
Natural History at Florence, Italy 3 . Other
very old herbaria are also in existence,
for carefully prepared specimens properly

98

stored and handled last indefinitely.

The value of an herbarium becomes
apparent when one compares learning
from an actual specimen, even though
pressed and dry, with learning from a
written description which may be lengthy
and hard to understand or on the other
hand, incomplete. Today herbaria are to
be found in all parts of the world. They
are invaluable to taxonomists for refer¬
ence, study, and comparison.

Tlie Beginning of This One

The Kathryn Kalmbach Herbarium
had its origin about 1943 as a project of
the Colorado Forestry and Horticulture
Association. George W. Kelly, horticul¬
turist for the association, was the leader
of a group of volunteers who were
interested in learning the plants of Colo¬
rado, and it was his idea to start a
collection of pressed plants of Colorado.
George Kelly and Kathryn Kalmbach
were the leaders and the inspiration to
others in this work. This group of inter¬
ested people made special collecting trips,
as well as collecting as individuals on
other mountain trips. The Colorado
Mountain Club also helped in this project.

The purpose of this collection was to
provide a means for members of the
association to see and identify native
plants and to provide general information
on the flora of the state.

When the Colorado Forestry and Horti¬
culture Association acquired Horticulture
House at 1355 Bannock Street, the
herbarium officially came into existence.
It was announced in the January-February
1947 issue of The Green Thumb that
there would be facilities in the basement
for an herbarium of Rocky Mountain
plants and for a botanical laboratory. It

Display area on the Balcony.

was also announced that Mrs. E. R.
Kalmbach had been put in charge of the
herbarium. 4 In this same issue, Mrs.
Kalmbach reported that the herbarium
had been promised some historical speci¬
mens as well as some more recent private
collections 5 .

Mrs. Kalmbach served as chairman of
the herbarium committee from its in¬
ception until her death in 1962.

The hoped-for botanical facilities in
the basement of Horticulture House were
never fully developed, but the herbarium
did have adequate storage space. The
tables in the combined library and meet¬
ing room were also used by the herbari¬
um, obviously not an ideal arrangement.

As the collection grew, it became
necessary to recruit volunteers for help
in mounting and labeling these pressed
plants. Members of the Home Garden
Club of Denver as well as other interested
persons responded to the appeal and an
active group met weekly at Horticulture
House to prepare the specimens.

Money was always a problem, and

99

Display of fresh plant material in season.

blotters, herbarium mounting paper, and
other supplies were donated by interested
persons.

To Botanic Gardens House

In March of 1959, the Colorado
Forestry and Horticulture Association
moved from Horticulture House to Bo¬
tanic Gardens House at 909 York Street.
Here the herbarium was housed in part
in a small room off The Green Thumb
office and in part in converted linen cup¬
boards in the upstairs hall. Workers had
to set up tables in The Green Thumb
office or sometimes in the hall. Speci¬
mens were more readily accessible than
they had been at Horticulture House, but
it was still an inconvenient arrangement
for those who wished to use the
herbarium.

It was during this period that the
herbarium acquired its first metal her¬
barium case. In April of 1963 it was
announced that the herbarium had ac¬
quired three new metal herbarium cases,
bringing to four the number of metal
cases in the herbarium. 6 A stereoscopic
microscope for use in the herbarium and
by Botanic Gardens staff has also been
acquired. The number of cases was
gradually increased until, at the present
time, the herbarium has 16.

Later, the small room was needed for
a duplicating machinery room and the
herbarium was moved to the conference
room which it shared with the Mycology
group. This room, although crowded, had
one large table which could be used as a
work table, but it had the disadvantage
that it was necessary to schedule meetings

100

in this room. Thus the usefulness of the
herbarium was still limited.

Its Present Home

In March of 1971, the herbarium was
moved to its present quarters in the
Education Building of the Boettcher
Memorial Center. The herbarium is now
housed in a large, well-equipped room
with space for expansion as the herbarium
grows. There is a sink, so necessary for
working with plants. Adequate tables and
chairs provide space for the workers and
for those who come to see the specimens.
There is a small but adequate attached
storage room, as well as cupboard space
in the herbarium proper. The facilities
also include a display balcony where
exhibits of interest to the general public
are maintained. We can now assume that
the Kathryn Kalmbach Herbarium is
located in its permanent home.

The collection of plants that has
become the Kathryn Kalmbach Herbar¬
ium grew first by purposeful collecting
and from gifts of small private collections.
From this small beginning, the herbarium
had grown to a collection of 2000 sheets
when Mrs. Kalmbach reported on the
herbarium in the November-December
1960 issue of The Green Thumb ^. In
1961, she reported the gift of the Hart¬
well collection, the large private her¬
barium of a Colorado Springs surgeon 8 .
With this addition, the herbarium was
expanded to approximately 4000 sheets.
When the herbarium was moved to the
Education Building, it had reached a size
of about 5000 sheets. Late in the winter
of 1971, the University of Denver her¬
barium was moved to Botanic Gardens
and incorporated with the Kathryn
Kalmbach Herbarium. This doubled the

size of the Kathryn Kalmbach Herbarium
and brought it to approximately 10,000
sheets.

Special Collections

Specimens in the Kathryn Kalmbach
Herbarium are filed alphabetically, first
by family, then by genus within the
family, then by species within each genus.
Two special collection are filed sepa¬
rately for convenience in their use. One
of these is the Dr. J. J. Waring allergy
plant collection, and the other is the Mt.
Goliath collection. Plants in the Mt.
Goliath collection were collected and
identified by Dr. E. H. Brunquist. This
collection is especially useful when
people ask to see alpines. Some of the
interesting private collections that have
been incorporated into the general collec¬
tion include those of Katharine B. Crisp
and M. Walter Pesman. Both Mrs. Crisp
and Mr. Pesman were interested in the
herbarium from its beginning.

Although the Kathryn Kalmbach Her¬
barium began as a collection of native
Rocky Mountain plants, it now includes
plants from foreign countries, most of
which were in the University of Denver
collection; plants from other parts of the
United States as the eastern states, the
southwest, California, Washington, and
Hawaii; and cultivated plants. Because
the Kathryn Kalmbach Herbarium is now

101

a part of the Denver Botanic Gardens, it
is our desire to increase our collections
by adding cultivated plants. We will
maintain a small, representative collection
of native plants, but our greatest expan¬
sion will be in the addition of cultivated
plants. We would welcome donations of
pressed cultivated plants from our readers.
Call Dr. Helen Zeiner at 722-3655 if
you would like to help us by collecting
plants from your garden.

To date, we have been able to main¬
tain a card index of specimens in the
herbarium. Cards are filed alphabetically
by genus and species. This index has been
very useful to quickly determine whether
or not we have a certain plant without
disturbing the specimens in the cases. As
the herbarium grows, it may not be
practical to keep up an index, but at
present we feel that it is a worthwhile
project.

In addition to pressed plants suitable
for herbarium specimens, the herbarium
has received other interesting and valuable
donations.

Pictures and Scrapbooks

We have, for example, a collection of
pressed flowers carefully mounted and
prepared as artistic pictures. A few which
are dated show that this was done in
1918 or shortly thereafter. Because they
are lovely, we have placed these pictures
on the wall in the herbarium proper
where they can be seen and enjoyed by
those who use the herbarium. These
pictures were stored with materials moved
from Horticulture House, and no one
working in the herbarium at the present
time knows their origin. Is there a reader
who could tell us where these flower
pictures came from?

At the turn of the century, a popular
hobby was collecting plants, pressing
them, and mounting them in scrap books.
Several such books have come to the
herbarium and are on display from time
to time in cases on the balcony. One
interesting scrapbook was given by the
Ladies’ Relief Society of Denver, a home

for elderly ladies. This book was made
by ladies at the home in 1901.

Perhaps our most valuable scrapbook
is of special interest to the herbarium
and to Denver Botanic Gardens because
it was prepared by the father of Katherine
B. (Bruderlin) Crisp. This book was pre¬
pared and bound by Emil Bruderlin in
Central City between 1860 and 1863.
It contains 50 species, all in very good
condition in this more-than-a-hundred-
year old book. The book was presented
to the Kathryn Kalmbach Herbarium by
the Emil Bruderlin family.

Displays

Visitors to Denver Botanic Gardens
enjoy the display area on the balcony.
Some displays, in glass-topped display
tables or on the wall, are changed in¬
frequently; some are changed two or
three times a year or by seasons; some
are changed monthly, particularly dis¬
plays of plants to be found in bloom
during a certain month. A popular
feature has been a display of fresh plant
material, both native and cultivated,
which is changed weekly all during the
growing season. This display has been
useful to those wishing to learn the
names of Colorado plants. All displays
on the balcony are of interest to the
general public. The balcony is open from
9 to 5 daily, or whenever the Education
Building is open.

The Kathryn Kalmbach Herbarium is
open every Tuesday from 9 until 3, with
herbarium workers there to assist anyone
who needs help in using the herbarium.
It is also open by appointment to be
arranged by calling Dr. Helen Zeiner,
722-3655. The librarian will also open

102

the herbarium for a qualified person who
needs no instruction or help in its use.

Users of the Herbarium

Since moving into the Education Build¬
ing, the herbarium has been used by a
number of individuals who needed help
in identifying a certain plant. Out of
state visitors have asked to see certain
Colorado plants, and recently a nursery¬
man from Oregon spent several hours
comparing some of our Colorado plants
with related plants from Oregon which
he is growing in his nursery. Research
at the American Medical Center has been
centered around some plants to be found
in Colorado, and workers have come to
us for help with identification.

Classes from high schools and local
colleges have visited the herbarium and
some have spent some time studying
plants in our collection.

Classes which make direct use of the
herbarium are scheduled in the herbarium.
For example, a University of Denver class
in Local Flora, taught by Dr. William
Gambill, made use of the herbarium last
spring. The Botany Club of Denver also
uses the herbarium.

Workers in the Herbarium

All work in the herbarium is still done

REFERENCES

1. Schulenberg, Ray: Notes on the Morton Arboretum Herbarium. The Morton Arboretum
Quarterly, p. 17. Summer, 1973.

2. Swingle, Dean B.: A Textbook of Systematic Botany, p. 75. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1928.

3. Porter, C.L.: Taxonomy of Flowering Plants, p. 11. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman and
Company, 1959.

4. The Green Thumb, Inside Cover, January and February, 1947.

5. Kalmbach, Kathryn: Hortus Siccus. The Green Thumb, p. 3. January and February, 1947.

6. Zeiner, Helen Marsh: Kathryn Kalmbach Herbarium: A Progress Report. The Green Thumb,
p. 112. April, 1963

7. Kalmbach, Mrs. E. R. (Kathryn): Hortus Siccus (L.). The Green Thumb, p. 314. November-
December, 1960.

8. Kalmbach, Kathryn: Generous Gift to Botanic Gardens. The Green Thumb, p. 256. August-
September, 1961.

by volunteers who have a good knowledge
of plants. Because for years the herbarium
had no room to expand, many specimens
were stored away in boxes. These are
now being sorted, mounted, labeled, and
filed. The herbarium committee has not
tried to verify identifications, except in
cases of obvious error, but botanical
names have been updated to conform
to present use. Some specimens not
suitable for inclusion in the herbarium
(perhaps because of lack of data) have
been prepared for use in educational
displays.

As Denver Botanic Gardens grows, it
will become necessary to have a trained
taxonomist on the staff. Then research as
well as teaching will become important
functions of the Kathryn Kalmbach
Herbarium.

Our herbarium is a small herbarium,
but it is gradually increasing in both
size and importance. It has come a long
way from its very humble beginning. Let
us remember that the Kathryn Kalmbach
Herbarium would not exist if it had not
been for loyal, dedicated volunteers. To
date, there has never been a paid em¬
ployee in the herbarium.

103

DR.

HELEN MARSH ZEINER

Accomplished seamstress and tailor
(even quilts), baker of bread, cookies
and pies from scratch, skilled artisan in
leathercraft, lover of camping, hiking
and fishing, and good friend of her
fellow workers, Dr. Helen is much more
than an eminent botanist, author, colum¬
nist, teacher, and curator of an herbarium.
She is, most of all, a really successful
human being.

Born near Big Timber, Montana,
Helen was taken east to Ohio by her
parents when she was 10 years old. Her
strong interest in nature and wild flowers
led her to major in botany when she
worked her way, at the proper age,
through Western Reserve University. She
couldn’t major in journalism there but
she became extremely proficient in it
anyway.

Helen taught English, journalism and
botany at junior and senior high school
levels before earning her doctorate in
archeology at the University of Indiana.
For her thesis she studied living plants in
the Angel Mound archeological diggings
nearby. She taught at the University of
Denver shortly after arriving in Denver
with her husband, Dr. Fred Zeiner, pro¬
fessor of zoology and native Denverite.
(He sometimes jokingly accuses her of

Human being + Botanist = Dr. Helen
Marsh Zeiner, dedicated volunteer
at Denver Botanic Gardens.

marrying him just to return to the West.)

Probably Dr. Moras Shubert, a fellow
professor at the University who was
active at Colorado Forestry and Horti¬
culture Association, acquainted Helen
with The Green Thumb magazine. Her
first contribution, “Consider the Orna¬
mental Grasses,” was published in June
1950. During the past 24 years she has
continued as one of the magazine’s valued
stalwarts. With formation of the Green
Thumb Editorial Board in January 1955
and at George Kelly’s request she wrote
a series of articles on “Our Marvelous
World of Plants.” Her first article on
“Exotics of Colorado” appeared in
April 1961, at the suggestion of Dr. James
Feucht, editor at that time. She has
written from two to six “Exotics” each
year and has continued the column with¬
out interruption since 1968. She was
interim editor of the magazine in 1963
and more recently served as volunteer
co-editor for almost two years. Her
articles, “Hail the lowly Rhubarb,”
“Chinese Elm” and “Red Bud” under
“Exotics,” her numerous articles on house
plants, their selections and care, as well
as a comprehensive study on ’’Begonias” —
all have added to the stature of The
Green Thumb. On the human side, when-

104

ever the magazine has sorely needed an
editor or contributor, her loyalty has
surfaced quickly.

Professionally, she has written about
House Plants for the Rocky Mountain
News since 1963.

At Dr. A. C. Hildreth’s request, Helen
became chairman of the herbarium com¬
mittee after Mrs. Kalmbach’s death in
1962. Each Tuesday either she or a mem¬
ber of her committee assists visitors to
the herbarium. Last spring the Board of
Trustees designated Dr. Zeiner, “Honor¬
ary Curator of the Kathryn Kalmbach
Herbarium.”

Other volunteer activities have been
many. With the advent of the Look and
Learn Garden Tours in 1951, she served
as “expert” each season. In those early
days three tours were held each year,
beginning at tulip time. This benefit
gradually evolved into the Terrace and
Garden Tours.

She contributed plants to the earliest

plant auctions at Horticulture House;
later dug, packaged and labeled plants
for early plant sales here at the Gardens;
and in recent years has served as con¬
sultant in the House Plant section of the
Annual Plant Sale.

She was an active member of the
Education Committee. Although she was
on the staff at the University of Denver
when Around the Seasons Club was
formed in January 1961, she was a
founder of this volunteer organization
and has continued to teach its members
plant propagation and elements of botany
and plant identification. As an Associate
she teaches in the classroom for the guide
training program. She has spoken at the
Botanic Gardens Lecture Series and has
given countless talks to garden clubs and
plant groups.

A true doctor, Helen exercises extreme
patience with her amateur botany stu¬
dents and on Botanic Gardens field trips
as her associates readily attest.

Dr. Helen Zeiner and Marjorie Shepherd at work in the Herbarium. Marjorie Shepherd
is the faithful herbarium assistant who works with Dr. Helen each Tuesday, and serves
The Botany Club as executive secretary and co-leader with Dr. Brunquist. Originally an
amateur botanist from the Finger Lakes region of New York, Marjorie came here because
of the climate in 1948. Joining the Colorado Mountain Club, her association with
Dr. Brunquist led her to specialize in Alpine botany. When she retired three years ago
she volunteered to work in the Kathryn Kalmbach Herbarium. She is at present
engaged in important phenological and succession studies of the plants at the Chatfield
Arboretum site.

105

1

r

1

J

• i •

a£

Tlie MloiToh
ArTorefiim

OerUjarmim.

' "" ' •• ' , ' J ' 1 if f* / //'•

''■* <" H*fc *»<> •,<*, >,***<>» '«m

x**' :-.f
f •

The Arnold Arboretum at Ja¬
maica Plain, Mass., had been estab¬
lished fifty years when the Morton
Arboretum at Lisle, Illinois, made
its debut in 1922. Since both areas
support similar plant communities,
Joy Morton wisely arranged for
John van Gemert, Propagator, and
Henry Teuscher, Botanist, to spend
their first year at the Arnold Ar¬
boretum. There they collected
propagating materials and herbar¬
ium specimens for the brand new
Morton Arboretum.

Teuscher had been trained at the
botanic garden of the Royal Bo¬
tanical Museum, Berlin-Dahlem,
Germany. When he arrived at the
Morton Arboretum in January of
1923, he began at once on a com¬
prehensive collection of the woody
and herbaceous plants growing
naturally on the grounds. A vouch-
ered list of these plants was sent

Avalonne Kosanke

to arboreta and botanical gardens
throughout the world. This served
to introduce the new Arboretum
and made it eligible to receive
exchange propagating materials, an
invaluable asset in developing an
extensive plant collection.

Teuscher also began publication
of the monthly Bulletin of Popular
Information which continued till
1965 when it gave way to the
Quarterly.

The herbarium grew rapidly.
Teuscher added nearly 3500 speci¬
mens and other American collectors
donated more. The Arnold Arbore¬
tum shared many of its duplicates
from European collectors. Some
ranged back as far as 1832 and
bore names like V. Komarov and
Hermann Zabel. It also presented
the young Arboretum with its
largest single collection — nearly
4000 specimens of spontaneous

106

woody plants of North America
collected by Ernest J. Palmer from
1915 to 1928.

In The Old Milk House

By 1929, nearly 10,000 her¬
barium specimens were stored in
the wooden cabinets of the “old
milk house” on what is still known
as the South Farm of the Arbore¬
tum. Teuscher resigned to become
Director of the Boyce Thompson
Arboretum, and his duties were
assigned to the Arboriculturist, E.
Lowell Kammerer. Herbarium work
ground to a halt. It remained status
quo till after the death of Joy
Morton in 1934.

The following year, the present
Administration Building was built
and given in memory of Joy Morton
by his daughter, Mrs. Joseph M.
Cudahy. Included was a wing especi¬
ally designed to house the herbar¬
ium. It was a spacious, pleasant
room, handsome in decor and lined

with metal custom cabinets from
floor to ceiling. There were adjacent
offices for the Arboriculturist.

Inspired, Mr. Kammerer began
an extensive collection of the Ar¬
boretum’s woody plants. He kept
at it five years. In 1940-41 he hired
a summer student to pursue the
work. In all, nearly 3000 specimens
were added to the herbarium. World
War II took its toll. Collecting
dwindled once more, this time for
nearly twenty years.

Other problems developed. The
beautiful herbarium room proved
less than satisfactory. Its location
was such that a constant stream
of casual visitors roamed freely
through it. Serious studies were
difficult. There were no facilities
for the often less-than-tidy prepara¬
tion of specimens. The floor-to-
ceiling cabinets meant in reality
that one-third of all storage space
could be reached only with a
stepladder.

The Morton Arboretum Center and Herbarium

107

The herbarium stirred to life
once- more in 1963 when the Ar¬
boretum’s first Taxonomist, Floyd
Swink, was appointed. He began
collecting vouchered specimens of
positively identified, cultivated, liv¬
ing plants growing on the grounds.
This procedure has since become
standard practice at the Arboretum.

Full Time Curator

Also in 1 963, the Sterling Morton
Library was built adjacent to — and
entered by way of — the herbarium.
Traffic problems became intoler¬
able. By 1968 it was evident the
library needed this area for expan¬
sion. The herbarium would have to
move. The only available space was
in a basement classroom beneath
the present Administration Building
Auditorium.

The herbarium was now down
but not out! The Arboretum chose
that very crucial time to appoint
its first full time Curator of the
Herbarium, Mr. Ray Schulenberg.
The physical act of moving the
herbarium provided an opportunity
to revaluate the arrangement of the
collection and to implement changes
that would facilitate its use.

Pre-1929 collections were now
intermingled with those of later
years. Woody and herbaceous plants
were no longer separated. Filing
was simplified to a single continu¬
ous sequence: plant families were
alphabetized as were the genera
within each family and the species
within each genus. All infraspecific
taxa were interfiled with the species.

Acquisition policies were re¬
vamped from vague “anything
goes” to specific goals. Within the
Arboretum, the herbarium now
vouchers living specimens of all
validly described kinds of cultivated

woody plants including all signifi¬
cant stages of development. In the
geographic region, the herbarium
welcomes specimens of all vascular
plants (and some cryptogams) oc¬
curring spontaneously, also new
distribution records for such plants.
Outside the region, the herbarium
gathers woody specimens, both wild
and cultivated, relevant to the Ar¬
boretum’s collections, especially if
presumed hardy in this area. If
beyond the hardiness zone, they
are usually collected on field trips,
etc. sponsored by the Arboretum’s
Education Department.

A vigorous collecting program is
again underway. An Assistant Cura¬
tor has been added to the staff. As
with our Denver Botanic Gardens,
much credit is given the faithful
volunteers who make collecting
trips, spot new distribution records,
and patiently help with manual
tasks such as mounting and acces¬
sioning specimens.

Two Goals

True to its primary goals of
education and practical research,
the herbarium presently serves both
needs. Unknown plant material
brought in by staff or public is
quickly and accurately determined
by the staff Taxonomist who uses
an authenticated specimen from
the herbarium as his standard of
comparison. Since 1 968, classwork
has become extremely popular.
Courses such as “Knowing Common
Weeds”, “Spring Flora”, and “Culti¬
vated Woody Plants of the Morton
Arboretum” require hundreds of
specimens. The most recent course
teaches the amateur collector how
to make his own herbarium.

Highlights of 1972 included the
acquisition of three valuable Illinois

108

collections. The first, gift of the
University of Wisconsin, consisted
of Chicago area plants gathered by
L. M. Umbach from 1896 to 1916
while he was Curator of the Her¬
barium of Northwestern College
(now North Central College). The
second was a collection of wild-
flowers gathered around Naperville
in 1896 by W. C. Wallachs, then a
student of Umbach. The third was
a DeKalb County collection made
by George H. Greeley around 1 886.
These gifts help to more accurately
complete the picture of Illinois
plant communities as they existed
before man disturbed their
distribution.

Doesn’t Compete With The Giant

A few miles east of the Morton
Arboretum, the Field Museum of
Chicago has a herbarium consisting
of over 2,350,000 specimens. The
Morton Arboretum herbarium has

never attempted to compete with
this “giant” in numbers. Rather it
has sought to fill a vital gap in the
knowledge of the spontaneous and
cultivated woody plants of this
hardiness zone. Its nearly 25,000
sheets represent 950 genera from
170 plant families. More than half
are of wild herbaceous and woody
plants. Cultivated trees, shrubs and
woody vines comprise most of the
rest. A total of 11,000 come from
Illinois, over 8000 from the Arbore¬
tum itself. Massachusetts, through
the generous donations from the
Arnold Arboretum, has contributed
nearly 2800 specimens.

Ray Schulenberg, Curator, voices
hope for the continued progress of
the herbarium: “Through gifts such
as these (referring to the three in
1972) and through a sound program
of continuous collecting, the Morton
Arboretum should be of increasing
value to scientists and laymen in
the Chicago region.”

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Schulenberg, Ray, 1973. Notes On The Morton Arboretum Herbarium, The Morton Arboretum
Quarterly Vol. 9, No. 2: 17-26.

Schulenberg, Ray, Persona! communication, Oct. 4, 1973.

A row of Herbarium Cases at Morton Arboretum

109

OUR

NATIONAL SEED TREASURE

We have all heard about the gold
stored in the vaults of Fort Knox, but
relatively few know of the plant treasure
guarded at Fort Collins. There, resting
in thousands of shiny pint cans are the
seeds of important food stocks from all
over the world, plus a growing number
of ornamentals. Particularly valuable is
the germ plasm of primitive crop plants
from which modern hybrids are devel¬
oped. If these fall prey to blights,

Dr. Bass shows a visitor some of his 80,000
cans of dormant treasure.

Josephine Robertson

disease and insect attack, today’s breeders
can go back to the original strains and
work toward different characteristics.

The Laboratory, a handsome building
on the campus of Colorado State Uni¬
versity, built in 1958 by the U.S. Depart¬
ment of Agriculture, was the first of its
kind in the world. The Director is
Dr. Louis N. Bass, a native of Iowa, who
holds a doctorate in botany from Iowa
State University, where he served on the
faculty before coming to Fort Collins
when the Laboratory was opened.

Preserve Germ Plasm

“Japan now has a seed storage facility,”
Dr. Bass explained, “and there are various
specialized collections in this country,
such as woody plants and tropical fruits,
but the concept of preserving germ plasm
is so important in a hungry world that
the Food and Agriculture Organization
(FAO) of the United Nations is looking
forward to a global chain of storage
facilities to preserve strains which ex¬
perience has shown are all too easily lost.
For example, of the many clovers intro¬
duced into the country since the turn of
the century, only 2% are available today;
66% of introduced oats and about 90%
of soybeans are lost, and this is the case
with many other crops.”

We think of this country as being
fertile and rich in production of food
stocks, but Dr. Bass points out that it is
surprisingly low in native crop germ
plasm and primitive cultivars. The early

110

The National Seed Storage Laboratory> has a handsome building on the CSU campus -
but a small budget.

colonists brought in their cereal grains,
vegetables, forages and deciduous fruits.
The Spanish and Portugese introduced
figs, dates, olives, lemons and oranges.
As far back as 1819 the Secretary of the
Treasury issued a circular asking Ameri¬
can consuls abroad to send back useful
plants. From 1836 to 1862 the office of
the Patent Commissioner promoted plant
introduction and, after the creation of
the Department of Agriculture, collectors
were sent out to Europe, the Orient and
the southern hemisphere. In 1898 the
USDA set up a special section of Seed
and Plant Introduction, with a budget
of $2,000. Since then more than 150
expeditions have gone out and brought
back 350,000 plant introductions to U.S.
scientists. Some outside help has supple¬
mented the always limited federal bud¬
gets, including a program to augment
exploration for ornamentals, initiated in
1956 by Longwood Gardens of Kennett
Square, Pa.

“Our laboratory,” said Dr. Bass, “must
be regarded as part of the USDA’s
Regional New Crops Research Program,
which has experiment stations at Pullman,

Washington, Ames, Iowa, Geneva, New
York, and Experiment, Georgia. While
we act as a bank for germ plasm, we also
carry on research in techniques of long
term seed storage.”

An example of the value of primitive
germ plasm may be found in the article,
“Retrieving Genes for Space Age Corn”
(Agricultural Research, November, 1971).

“Genes hidden in corn cultivated since
the stone age were salvaged for space-age
hybrids when ARS scientists discovered
that the primitive kernels have an extra
thick aleurone layer. Aleurone, the site
of B vitamins and high quality protein
just under the kernel hull, is two to five
cells thicker in primitive Corioco com
than in U.S. commercial hybrids. Thus,
Corioco, which grows on the eastern
slopes of the Andes Mountains, might
serve as parent stock to improve the
nutritional value of U.S. hybrids

Operations at the Laboratory

Research workers may submit obsolete
varieties, current varieties, breeding lines
and genetic stocks for storage. In the
laboratory, seeds become the property

111

of the federal government and are avail¬
able, as needed, for further research. All
seeds coming in are tested for viability,
their characteristics catalogued on punch
cards for easy retrieval and then stored
in cans on shelves in rooms kept at 40
degrees and 32 percent relative humidity.
Every five years tests are made and, if
germination is poor, contracts are ar¬
ranged to replenish the stock. For testing,
a certain number of seeds are placed on
blue-gray germination paper or special
towelling, and then set in moist chambers
providing favorable germination condi¬
tions, similar to their native climates.
There are more than 80,000 cans on the
shelves today, with space for a half
million lots.

Thanks to the Storage Laboratory,
now, if wheat rust appears, sturdier
tomatoes are needed for mechanical har¬
vesting, or corn blight attacks, scientists
can go back in time to a choice of
strains to develop hybrids suited to to¬
day’s needs and conditions.

Some foreign governments have placed
seeds in storage. There are corns from
Africa and sorghum from India, but,
when samples are requested by their
research workers, the procedure can be
complicated, what with quarantines, per¬
mits and all the involvements of “going
through channels.”

Plant patents are protective up to

seventeen years, and, according to Dr.
Bass, this is usually long enough since
the commercial life of a variety can be
brief due to constant change — as any
seed catalogue indicates. Among the
items in storage is seed for all the phased
out vegetable varieties from the Cheyenne
Experimental Station, notably a large
collection of tomatoes.

Inventories and the Budget

Inventories are published at intervals
and it is evident that the value of the
stock will increase steadily. There are
fewer isolated areas in the world now
where collectors may find the primitive
strains. Varieties become obsolete and
are almost forgotten or discarded. Other
seeds are lost under poor storage condi¬
tions. The Laboratory, for example, takes
pride in its part of saving the classical
Blakeslee Datura collections.

Asked if cuts in federal spending had
affected the work of the Laboratory,
Dr. Bass reported ruefully that its budget
has never been increased since the open¬
ing in 1958! With today’s inflation this
means a smaller staff, less frequent testing
and many other corners that must be
cut. Such stringency seems hard to under¬
stand in view of the Laboratory’s present
and potential value to researchers work¬
ing to improve the world’s food supply,
to establish pollution and sound barriers

Dr. Bass, who heads the
Laboratory, at work on the
manuscript of a handbook
on seed storage, which he
is co-authoring with Dr.
O. L. Justice of the US DA

112

along highways, airports and urban areas,
to restore lands stripped of natural vege¬
tation, and to enrich the forage of our
western rangelands.

The storage room of this quiet Labora¬
tory may resemble a supermarket with
the colorful labels shorn from the cans,
but, with a little imagination, it becomes
a fantastic place. Here, waiting like the
jinni in the magician’s bottle, are maca-
damia nuts from Hawaii, papaya from
Puerto Rico, sorghum from Ethiopia,
wheatgrass from Russia, melon from
India, sweet basil from Turkey and chry¬
santhemums from Japan. Here, indeed,
is living treasure!

Botanist Dorris Clark checks the germination
of a sorghum sample.

^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^

Note: The Laboratory, located on the
campus of Colorado State University,
has many scientific visitors and is open
to group tours. Dr. Bass, understandably,
requests that arrangements be made in
advance. (1-484-0402)

- CUT here-

DENVER BOTANIC GARDENS

909 York Street, Denver, Colorado 80206

I hereby apply for membership in the Denver Botanic Gardens EH
I wish my membership in the Denver Botanic Gardens extended
Enclosed is $ _ for my annual dues.

Class of Membership desired: (check one)

□ Junior.— $ 2.50 □ Supporting.— $ 25.00

□ Regular .... — $ 7.50 □ Contributing.— $ 50.00

Participating . — $15.00 D Business & Education Institutional — $100.00

113

NEW BOOKS in

The HeLen F ouoleu LibRQR ( y

Solange Huggins

Fun with Terrarium Gardening by Virginia and George A. Elbert.
144 pages, New York, Crown Publishing, 1973. $5.95

A new readable book, well illustrated in black and white and in color,
on a currently very popular subject, is always welcomed. The vogue
towards terrarium gardening may be due to space — lots or limited, to
the variety of expression possible, and perhaps to the small amount of
care needed after the initial effort. These possibilities are explored in
this book and the authors show you how with words and pictures.
Sources of plants, glass and plastic terrariums, equipment and supplies,
form a valuable appendix.

Greenhouse Gardening by Henry R. and Rebecca T. Northen. 388 p.
2nd ed. New York, Ronal Press, 1973.

In the second edition of a basic work, the authors have set as their aim
“to give practical and necessary information on selecting, building,
equipping and managing a greenhouse, and modern methods for growing
familiar as well as unusual and exotic plants.”

The authors live up to their commitment and meet the needs of the
novice as well as the experienced greenhouse gardener. The book is well
illustrated, lucid as well as enjoyable reading.

Andrew Knauer

Dwarf Rhododendrons by Peter A. Cox. 296 p. New York, Macmillan,
1973. $9.95.

Dwarf rhododendrons are not about to become the “new petunia”
of Western gardens. Although there is some special potential among a
few super hardy dwarfs like “P. J. Mezzit” and “Ramapo,“rhododendrons
are likely to remain a very specialized and limited garden subject in
High Plains and Rocky Mountain gardens.

This British publication treats the subject comprehensively. Its nomen¬
clature is up to date and certainly most, if not all members of the
Rhododendron genus which are usually 5 to 6 feet in height or less are
discussed.

Read chapters 1 through 4 with great care and discrimination before
plunging into the world of the elegant rhododendron.

114

MARGARET

McLISTER

A TRIBUTE

Margaret Boehner McLister was born in Leadville. Her father was a
mining engineer of German background and education, her mother a
New Englander of long tradition in Massachusetts.

In her early adolescence the family moved to Denver. Educated in
Leadville and Denver public schools, Margaret soon took her place in this
community.

As a young woman a long sojourn in Europe awakened her interest in
other cultures, an interest which increased during her many journeys
to the Orient and to South America.

Her marriage to Frank McLister, a life-long contract happily fulfilled,
saw the beginning of her many volunteer services to this community.
The excellence of these remains a tribute to her citizenship. She was an
early member of the Junior League. Membership on the Boards of
Byers School, the Denver Orphans Home, the Children’s Hospital, and
war work with the Red Cross followed.

As a member of the Garden Club of Denver and of Ikebana Inter¬
national she took part in various horticultural activities.

Her first priority among these many interests was her dedication to
Denver Botanic Gardens of which she was an early member of the
Board of Trustees. Her commitment to The Gardens was shared by her
husband. Evidence of their generous financial support and of her un¬
remitting hours of service is visible in the entrance gate to The Gardens —
the gift of Margaret and Frank McLister.

To her many friends, Margaret McLister has left a priceless, though
intangible, legacy — the poignant remembrance of her loyalty, her
solicitude and her affection.

Anna R. Garrey

115

FOCUS on

Cyphomandra

Betacea

in the

Boettcher Memorial
Conservatory

Peg Hayward

Cyphomandra betacea (Cav.) Sendt.,
the tree tomato, is a small, softwood,
evergreen tree, or bush, growing from 8 to
12 feet high. Cyphomandra from the
Greek refers to the way in which the
anthers form a hump. The genus Cypho¬
mandra belongs to the family Solanaceae
and is, therefore, related to the potato
and the common tomato. Only one
species, betacea, is cultivated.

The tree tomato is a native of South
America. It was cultivated by the Indians
of ancient Peru for its fruit. The plant is
not cultivated to any great extent in the
United States or Europe, although, it is
fairly easy to grow in a greenhouse or
conservatory as a pot plant.

Cyphomandra betacea has spreading
branches and large, soft-pubescent and
drooping leaves. The leaves are simple,
spirally arranged but appearing to be
alternate, and are commonly about 6
inches by 4Vi inches. They are medium
green, but dark pink when very new and
small. The margins are entire but are
wavy, and the apex is pointed with a
sharp and slightly curved tip; the base

is heart-shaped. Leaf-stalks are up to
6 inches long. Leaves and new wood
have an unpleasant smell when crushed.

Small pinkish, fragrant flowers droop
from short, slender stalks in loose axil¬
lary clusters. There are 5 sepals, 5 pale
pink or cream, waxy petals which are
joined at their bases, and 5 very.short
stamens with yellow anthers forming a
short, tight column concealing the one
style. The flowers usually appear in
spring, although under ideal conditions
the plant flowers continuously.

Lruits are heavy, hanging from long
green stalks, 1 or more in a bunch. They
are egg-shaped, and pointed at one end,
about 2 to 3 inches long by PA to 2
inches wide. The smooth skinned fruits
are a greenish purple colour at first,
ripening to an orange-red, faintly striped
with dark streaks. Inside is a firm rind
about V\ inch thick, which has two stony
and uneven-shaped lumps embedded in
it. The orange pulp in the center is
divided in half by a thin wall of firm
flesh. In the pulp are many small seeds
coated with an orange-coloured mucilage.
Lruits are eaten raw when fully ripe.
The flavor, which is distinctive, is acid
and slightly sour. The rind is bitter and
should be avoided. Their chief use is for
jams and preserves or for stewing. The
tree tomato is an unusual fruit which
ought not to be unusual.

Propagation is usually from seed which
germinates readily, but it can also be
started from cuttings. The compost in
which it is grown should be a rich loam
to which leaf mold and well-rotted
manure have been added. During the
winter it should be watered moderately,
but during the summer it needs abundant
watering. The plants need pruning in
April to restrict growth and prevent
straggling. The tree tomato is a quick
grower and can be expected to produce
fruit in its second year and continue
bearing throughout the year.

116

Cyphomandra Betacea

The Tree Tomato

117

DR. CUTLER

and the

DENVER

UNIVERSITY

A Green Thumb Report

A Professor at the University of Denver whose wide-ranging interests
included beautifying the campus and developing the university’s own rose.

It was about 1900. Someone on
Colorado’s Western Slope sent an un¬
usual rose plant to Chancellor Henry
Augustus Buchtel of the University of
Denver. The chancellor, of course,
turned the plant over to Dr. Ira E.
Cutler who was in charge of the depart¬
ments of Botany and Geology, for Dr.
Cutler was already famous for his work
with plants.

The rose bush was strong, with stiff,
thorny canes, and Dr. Cutler planted
it, nurtured it, and saw it prosper in his
test plot at the university. In the spring
it produced a startling array of bicolor
single blooms — glowing copper red on
the face of the petals, contrasting yellow
on the reverse.

From this single plant Dr. Cutler
propagated dozens, planting an impos¬
ing bank of them on the campus and

giving others to friends and gardeners
in the Denver area. Since the University
of Denver’s colors were crimson and
gold (officially Alizarin crimson and
light lemon yellow; more prosaically,
scarlet and maize) corresponding with
the colors of the rose, that flower soon
became known as the Denver University
Rose. Subsequent investigation showed
that this was the Austrian Copper Rose,
long known in Europe but new to the
high plains region. Some specimens of
Dr. Cutler’s propagation are still grow¬
ing in the yards of a few older homes
in Denver. There are none left on the
D.U. campus.

Dr. Cutler had come to Denver Uni¬
versity in 1898 with a B.S. and L.L.D.
from Albion College, Michigan. He was
born in Putnam, Connecticut, October 8,
1863, and married Amelia Perkins of

118

Norway, Michigan in 1894. Immediately
after his arrival here he began experi¬
menting with plants, developing new
varieties of iris, a spurless columbine
(now lost), and cacti. He became a
pioneer and an authority in the raising
of grapes in Colorado.

During Wolrd War I Dr. Cutler did
expert work with Indian corn for the
United States government and estab¬
lished the largest botanical and pharma¬
ceutical garden in the west. His large
herb garden lay just off University
Boulevard, north of the Warren Avenue
entrance to the campus. Monkshood,
raised there, was supplied to the pro¬
ducers of digitalis. His com experimental
plot was at the corner of South Jose¬
phine and Evans.

Many of the large trees, particularly
the evergreens on the university campus,
were planted by Dr. Cutler.

In 1900 the Cutlers purchased the
comfortable home on South Clayton
Street in University Park and Dr. Cutler
landscaped the property, planting the
trees and an extensive garden. Four of
the trees there are listed as unusual in
E. Alan Rollinger’s “Pioneer Trees of
Metropolitan Denver” (1969): Horse-
chestnut, Aesculus hippocastanum;
English Oak, Quercus robur; Eastern
Hickory, Carya ovata. The pine is
perhaps the largest specimen of that
tree in Denver, and the hickory, magni¬
ficent in fall coloring, has been called by
the City Forester one of two such
hickories in the city.

A man of wide-ranging interests and
great accomplishments, Dr. Cutler was
not limited to his botanical field. He
was an artist at arranging cut flowers
and through all his 38 years of service
was in charge of the decorations used

Austrian Copper Rose, Rosa foetida lutea (bicolor), is a variety of the Austrian
Briar which originated in Asia and came to Europe in the 16th century. From the
Austrian Briar came several of the Pernetianas and modern Hybrid Teas like Peace
and President Hoover. It is a large shrub, 4 to 5 feet in height. Austrian Copper plants
are available from Tillotson’s Roses of California, who say: “Dislikes being fussed over,
and shows its independence by dropping spent petals, leaving only the gold stamens
on the plant.”

119

by the University as well as for com¬
munity and church functions.

He made his mark in music, orga¬
nizing in 1900 the University’s first
glee club, of which he had charge for a
score of years. He supervised the pub¬
lication of the first edition of “Denver
University College Songs,” containing
some of his own compositions. Later
he wrote the words and music of “Hail
to Denver U.,” still popular.

Dr. Cutler taught geology, as well as
botany, doing extensive work in the
fossil fields at Florissant, Colorado.
Some specimens he excavated in the
Southwest are in the museum at Wash¬
ington, D.C.

This exceptionally broad man had
an intense interest in youth. He formed
a boy’s club which later became the
first troop of Boy Scouts organized

west of the Mississippi River. Dr. Cutler
served them in many capacities until
1933.

“Who’s Who in America”reveals that
he was at one time commander of the
R.O.T.C. at Denver University, and that
he had been national president of Phi
Sigma.

In later years he was eminent in
ornithology, starting a collection of
Colorado birds, expanding it to birds of
the whole country, forming the nucleus
of the university’s collection.

These many interests he never gave
up; he continued his activities in them
and added, at last, china and pastel
painting, knitting, crocheting, tatting,
needle point, metal and wood work.

Dr. Cutler retired from the university
in 1935 and died May 25, 1936.

DENVER UNIVERSITY

It was a barren campus in the old days. Date of this photo not known.

Picture credits on back page.

120

A little later the young trees were doing fine. It is probable that Dr. Cutler had much to do
with the planting.

In the 1930s the trees in the older part of the campus, some of which were planted by Dr. Cutler,
were large and luxurious.

Material for this article came from personal interviews with Dr. Cutler’s daughters, Maijorie
and Marian Cutler who still live in the family home in University Park and Mrs. Alice Bretnall
of New Jersey. Literature consulted included Mrs. Cutler’s family document “In Memoriam,”
Ula King Fairfield’s “The Year of the Rose,” E. Alan Rollinger’s “Pioneer Trees of Metropolitan
Denver,” Who’s Who in America, and the catalog of Tillotson’s Roses. Miss Jane Gould was
most helpful in furnishing photos and information from Denver University Archives.

121

A Colorado Orchid

THE

SPOTTED CORAL ROOT

Corallorhiza macu/ata

The Veins of other Flowers
The Scarlet Flowers are
Till Nature leisure has for Terms
As “Branch” and “Jugular.’’

We pass, and she abides.

We conjugate Her Skill
While She creates and federates
Without a syllable.

Emily Dickinson
c. 1864

Carol L. Radetsky

The family name Orchidacea comes to us from the Greek philosopher
Theophrastus, student of Plato and Aristotle between 370 and 285 B.C.
It is derived from the word Orchis. In Greek, the word Orchis means
testicle’ and was used because of the resemblance of the paired roots or
bulbs to the testicles of animals.

During medieval times when medical thought was supported by the
Doctrine of Signatures, preparations from these roots or bulbs of specific
orchids were used for the stimulation of sexual activities. Many people
thought that a child of the required sex could be produced with the help
of these roots; a preparation from the younger one of a pair of these
roots was believed to assist in the bringing about of a male child and from
the older, a female child.

Orchids represent the largest family of flowering plants. There are some
twenty thousand species already identified with this number steadily
increasing. About twenty-two of these species are found in Colorado.
Orchids are generally accepted as outdoing other flowers in beauty. They
have acclimated themselves to the extreme habitats of the arctic circles,
mountains, and the arid regions of Africa and Asia.

Construction of the Orchid

All orchid flowers are constructed in such a way that they can almost
always be distinguished from any other flowers. The orchid family belongs
to the Monocotyledons; they possess a single seed-leaf or cotyledon. The
leaves have almost always a parallel venation and the flowers are tri-

122

merous — that is, each successive whorl consists of three elements termed
sepals which protect the bud. The three members of the next whorl are
the petals. They are usually colored and often larger than the sepals.
The whorl formed by the sepals is the calyx, and the one formed by the
petals, the corolla. Both the calyx and corolla form the perianth which
encloses the sex organs. Monocotyledons usually consist of six stamens
and an anther being pollinated by insects. The phenomena of pollinating
is fascinating indeed. The unknowing insect must brush over the stigma
on the column before reaching his particular goal of the nectar. With this
mechanical brushing he deposits any pollen he might be carrying.
Receiving his fill of nectar, the insect unwittingly comes in contact with
the anther, picking up more pollen to be carried on to the next flower
and thus, pollinating occurs.

The Spotted Orchid

The specific orchid of interest is the Spotted Coral Root. It was
placed in the genus Corallorhiza in 1 760 by J. J. Chatleain of France.
The word Corallorhiza comes from the Greek words meaning coral and
root. The species name is maculata. Coral roots are leafless, the leaves
being reduced to sheaths and scaly bracts devoid of green color. The
stems are naked forming the racema from which the flower hangs in a
subdued manner, cloaking the somber colors of a reddish-brown stem.
The petals are white with purple spots near the base of the lip, hence
maculata meaning spotted. C. maculata stands about six to eight inches
tall with flowers about Vi inch in length alternating on the stem. The
Spotted Coral Root nests on the forest floor near pine and spruce trees.
The plants have no chlorophyll which precedes photosynthesis for
nutrients. Therefore, nourishment for C. maculata is saprophytic, absorb¬
ing food from decayed wood soil under forest trees or from moist
leaf-mold in symbiotic style.

The Spotted Coral Root in North America is found from southeastern
Alaska to Nova Scotia, ranging southward on the west coast from British
Columbia to California, and in the middle states of Colorado, Michigan,
New Mexico, Ohio, Nebraska and Missouri. On the east coast, the coral
root is found from New York and the New England states southward
to Georgia and Florida. Being relatively prolific and perhaps the most
common of the wild orchids, the coral root also pollinates in the north
temperate regions in parts of Europe and Asia. The particular orchid
photographed was found growing on the south side of a mountain at an
altitude of 8300 feet in the montane zone. It was located in an area above
Evergreen in Clear Creek County, flowering in the later part of June
and in the month of July.

Coral roots are difficult if not impossible to propagate. Seeds are
produced in abundance, but are so small that each seed has only minute
amounts of food to give it a start until it can establish its own root
system. Attempts at transplanting the orchids have also failed. Thus
“the Royal Family” of wild orchids eludes the hand of man.

123

Exotics

°T COLORADO

White Spruce, Picea glauca

Colorado’s native spruces, blue spruce
(Picea pungens Engelm.) and Engelmann
spruce (Picea engelmanni Parry) are both
planted as ornamentals and it is natural
that most of the ornamental spruces in
Colorado are native spruces. Blue spruce
with its silvery blue needles is the more
popular of the two and is widely planted
throughout the United States and in other
parts of the world as well.

Occasionally, however, we do see a
“different” spruce. One of these exotic
spruces growing successfully in Denver is
white spruce, Picea glauca (Moench) Voss,
and its variety Picea glauca den sat a Bailey,
Black Hills spruce.

A fine young Black Hills spruce can
be seen at the rear of the United Metho¬
dist Church headquarters building at the
corner of East Warren Avenue and South
University Boulevard. An older white
spruce is growing nearby on the Univer¬
sity of Denver campus, in front of Mary
Reed Building (formerly Mary Reed
Library). This spruce is growing in a
poor location for a large spruce and is
not a choice specimen tree, but it is
adequate for identification and compari¬
son purposes.

Picea glauca is a short-needle spruce,

Helen Marsh Zeiner

with needles varying from about one-
third of an inch to three-fourths of an
inch in length. The needles are slightly
curved, and those on the lower sides of
branchlets become twisted in such a way
that they are crowded on the upper sides
of the branchlets.

Young needles are pale blue and hoary
(with a whitish tinge). The common name
white spruce and the species name glauca
apply to the color of the new needles. As
the needles mature, they may be dark
bluish green or sometimes pale blue.

When crushed, the needles have a
strong disagreeable, pungent odor. This
has resulted in the common names of
skunk spruce or cat spruce (for polecat).

The bark is gray and scaly and different
in appearance from the bark of either
Engelmann spruce or blue spruce.

Cones are slender, oblong-cylindrical,
very slightly narrowed at the ends, and
about one and a half to two inches long.
The scales are light brown, shiny, and
rounded in shape with a smooth entire
margin. Although the scales are actually
thin and flexible, they have the look of
polished wood. The cones might be
described as neat and trim. Because of
their size and appearance, they are nice

124

for use in cone wreaths.

Picea glauca is a medium-sized tree,
usually attaining a height of 40 to 70 feet.
In its natural range, however, it some¬
times grows much taller than this. When
grown in the open, white spruce is a
symmetrical, open pyramidal tree with
horizontal spreading branches reaching
to the ground.

The variety Picea glauca densata, Black
Hills spruce, is a slow-growing compact
tree with needles bright green to bluish
green. Densata refers to the compact
habit of growth.

White spruce is an important timber
tree in Canada. The wood is used for
paper pulp, general construction, furni¬
ture, boxes and crates. Two rather inter¬
esting uses for the wood are as ladder
rails and for sounding boards of musical
instruments. White spruces are cut for
Christmas trees, and are planted as orna¬
mental and shade trees.

Picea glauca is an important compo¬
nent of the northern coniferous forest or
boreal forest formation which extends
across the North American continent in
a wide band stretching from Labrador to
Alaska, bounded on the north by arctic
tundra and extending southward to the
New England states, the lake states,
across Canada and to the Pacific coast at
Cook’s inlet. A southward extension
along the Rocky Mountains reaches into
Montana. The variety densata occurs in
South Dakota — hence the name Black
Hills spruce.

Because of the climatic changes which
occur as altitudes increase, the subalpine
forests of Colorado grow in a climate
similar to that of the northern coniferous
forest. Our Engelmann spruce forests can
be considered as an ecological equivalent
of the northern coniferous forest. The
climate and the life form of the trees is
the same — only the species are different.

Gifts and Bequests

Lifetime and testamentary gifts to the Denver Botanic Gardens are deductible in computing
both income and death taxes. The Trustees ask anyone who wishes to add to the Gardens'
limited resources to consider making a gift of either real or personal property during life, or
a bequest or devise by will. Such disposition can be made specifically either for the Development
Fund or the Endowment Fund or both. The proper designation of the recipient is The Denver
Botanic Gardens, Inc., a Colorado Corporation.

FORM for GIFT or BEQUEST

I hereby give □ bequeath □ to The Denver Botanic Gardens, Inc., a Colorado Corporation, a
non-profit, educational institution, the following:

Endowment Fund, Amount:_ Development Fund, Amount:

to be applied for the purposes of The Denver Botanic Gardens.

Name

Address

City

State

Zip

Signature

Phone

125

THE

GREEN

EHUMB

Subject

Index

1973

BOOKS in the HELEN FOWLER

LIBRARY

Books on Herbs, Solange Huggins,

Autumn P. 69

Books on Trees, Solange Huggins,

Summer P. 61

New Books: (Dwarf Rhododendrons,
Peter A. Cox) Andrew R. Knauer,
Winter P. 114. (Fun with Terrarium
Gardening, Virginia and George A. El¬
bert) Solange Huggins, Winter P. 114.
(Greenhouse Gardening, Henry T. and
Rebecca T. Northen) Solange Huggins,
Winter P.114

CHATFIELD ARBORETUM

An Arboretum for Denver, Green
Thumb Report, Summer P. 34

The Story of the Land, Green Thumb
Report, Summer P. 37

State Recreation at Chatfield, Gene
Knight, Summer P. 41

State Forest Service Plans, Green
Thumb Report, Summer P. 43

COMPOSTING

Simple Composting for the City Gar¬
den, Wes Woodward, Autumn P. 92

DENVER BOTANIC GARDENS

Arboretum — See Chatfield Arboretum

Boettcher Memorial Conservatory —

See Focus on . . .

Guild, Mid-Summer Annual Garden
Tour, Summer P. 47

Helen Fowler Library, See Books in
Helen Fowler Library

Kathryn Kalmbach Herbarium, Helen
Marsh Zeiner, Winter P. 98

Plant Sale, Plant Auction to Plant Sale,
Bernice Petersen, Spring P. 28

EXOTICS OF COLORADO, Dr. Helen
Marsh Zeiner
Daffodil, Spring P. 26

Tomato, Summer P. 56

Honey Locust, Autumn P. 71

White Spruce, Winter P. 124

FOCUS ON. . . , Plants in the Boettcher
Memorial Conservatory, Peg Hayward
Callistemon, Summer P. 54

Mangifera Indica, Autumn P. 82

Cyphomandra Betacea, Winter P. 116

GARDENING

Fall Clean-up, Putting Your Garden to
Bed, Raymond A. Blue, Autumn P. 84

The Homestead, Circa 1973, Glen
Mentgen, Autumn P. 88

HERBARIUMS

The Kathryn Kalmbach Herbarium,

Helen Marsh Zeiner, Winter P. 98

The Latchstring is Out at the Morton
Arboretum Herbarium, Avalonne Ko-
sanke, Winter P. 106

126

CTCf csr'o-

HERBS

Do Your Own Thing, Grow Herbs,

Gloria Falkenberg, Autumn P. 66

Books on Herbs, Solange Huggins,
Autumn P. 69

INSECTS

Women’s Lib in the Insect World,
J.W. Brewer, Autumn P. 73

LATCHSTRING IS OUT, Avalonne
Kosanke

At the Holden Arboretum, Summer
P. 44

At Longwood Gardens, Autumn P. 76

At the Morton Arboretum Herbarium,
Winter P. 106

LETTERS to The Green Thumb

Barron, Mrs. Arch (Gloria), Autumn
P. 96

Congdon, Edwin A., Summer P. 57
Mitchell, Irene, Summer P. 48
Wallace, Edmund W., Summer P. 48

MARINE ALGAE

The Fascinating World of Marine Al¬
gae, L. W. Hagener, Summer P.49

MUSHROOMS

Mushroom Hunters, Four Do’s and
One Don’t, D.H. Mitchel, Summer
P. 49

PEOPLE

Dr. Cutler and the Denver University
Rose, Green Thumb Report, Winter
P. 118

Margaret McLister, A Tribute, Anna R.
Garrey, Winter P. 115

Dr. Helen Marsh Zeiner, Green Thumb
Report, Winter P. 104

SEEDS

Our National Seed Treasure, Josephine
Robertson, Winter P. 110

SUBJECT INDEX

Subject Index, 1973, Winter P. 126

TREES

What Has Happened to our Trees in
the Last Three Years, 3-part article,
James R. Feucht. Untimely Snows,
Spring P. 3. Structural Changes in
Freeze-Injured Plants, Spring P. 6.
Long-Range Effects from the Storms,
Spring P. 9.

Physiology of Freezing Injury and
Cold Hardiness, Bert T. Swanson,
Spring P. 12

Observations Following the Freezes of
1969 and 1971, James R. Feucht and
Bert T. Swanson, Spring P. 17

Selection of Shade Trees for Denver-
High Plains Conditions, Andrew R.
Knauer, Spring P. 20

Books on Trees in the Helen Fowler
Library, Solange Huggins, Summer
P. 61

Honey Locust, Exotics of Colorado,
Helen Marsh Zeiner, Autumn P. 71

White Spruce, Exotics of Colorado,
Helen Marsh Zeiner, Winter P. 124

WILDFLOWERS

Spotted Coral Root (orchid), Carol L.
Radetsky, Winter P. 122

127

AUTHOR INDEX 1973

Author Page(s)

Barron, Mrs. Arch.96

Blue, Raymond A.84

Brewer, J.W.73

Falkenberg, Gloria.66

Feucht, James R.3, 6, 9, 17

Garrey, Anna R.115

Green Thumb Staff 34,37,43,104,118

Hagener, L.W.58

Hayward, Peg. 54,82,116

Huggins, Solange . . . . 61,69,114

Kosanke, Avalonne . . . 44,76,106

Knauer, Andrew R.20,114

Author Page(s)

Knight, Gene.41

Mentgen, Glen.88

Mitchel, D.H.49

Mitchell, Irene.48

Petersen, Bernice.28

Radetsky, Carol L.122

Robertson, Josephine.110

Swanson, Bert T.12,17

Wallace, Edmund W.48

Woodward, Wes.92

Zeiner, Helen Marsh 26, 56, 71,98, 124

_^ 0 ^?

Cf C7,°o^

Index of

PATTERNS OF PROGRESS
Annual Report for 1972 (pub¬
lished 1973)

Balance Sheet, P. 9
Director’s Annual Report, P. 5
Education Program, Margaret Sikes, P. 10
Honorary Members, P. 32
Honorary Staff, P. 32
Membership Roster, P. 21
Plant Propagation and Nursery Area,
Andrew R. Knauer, P. 13
President’s Report, P. 2
Trustees for Denver Botanic Gardens, P. 1

VOLUNTEERS

Around the Seasons Club,P. 16; Asso¬
ciates, P. 16; Children’s Garden Com¬

mittee, P. 17, Conservatory Guides,
P. 17; Development and Public Rela¬
tions Committee, P. 17; Editorial
Committee, P. 17; Garden Club of
Denver, P. 16; Gift Shop, P. 18; Guild,
P. 16; Herbarium Volunteers and Com¬
mittee, P. 18; Horticultural Advisory
Committee, P. 18; Hostess and Infor¬
mation, P. 19; Library Committee and
Volunteers, P. 19; Lobby Court and
Botanic Gardens Committee, P. 19;
Plant Sale, P. 20; Terrace and Garden
Tours, P. 19

128

DENVER BOTANIC GARDENS, INC.
A Non-Profit Organization

OFFICERS

Mr. John C. Mitchell . President

Mr. Harley G. Higbie, Jr. Vice-President

Mr. Charles C. Nicola. Vice-I resident

Mrs. James J. Waring. Vice-President

Dr. Moras L. Shubert. Secretary

Mr. Richard A. Kirk. Treasurer

STAFF

Dr. William G. Gambill, Jr. Director

Mr. Andrew R. Knauer. Assistant Director

Mr. Ernest A. Bibee. Conservatory Superintendent

Mr. David A. Blades .Assistant Conservatory Superintendent

Mrs. Beverly M. Nilsen. Botanist-Horticulturist

Miss Margaret Sikes. Education Director

Mrs. Solange Huggins. Librarian

Dr. A. C. Hildreth. Director Emeritus

ILLUSTRATION SOURCES

Cover - Photo by Loraine Yeatts

Pages 98, 99, 100, 104, 105 - Photos by Loraine Yeatts
Pages 99, 100, 101, 102 - Drawings by Suzanne Ash
Pages 106, 107, 109 - Photos courtesy Morton Arboretum
Pages 110, 111, 112, 113 - Photos by Josephine Robertson
Page 115 - Photo from The Green Thumb
Page 117 - Drawing by Phil Hayward
Page 118 - Photo courtesy Maijorie Cutler
Page 119 - Photo courtesy Tillotson’s Roses

Page 120 - Photo courtesy Fred Mazzulla - University of Denver Archives
Page 121 - Photos courtesy University of Denver
Page 122 - Photo by Carol Radetsky
Page 124 - Drawing by Polly Steele

The Green Thumb

DENVER BOTANIC GARDENS
909 YORK STREET
DENVER, COLORADO 80206

NON-PROFIT

ORG.

U. S. POSTAGE

PAID

Permit No. 205
Denver, Colorado

DO NOT FOLD

ADDRESS CORRECTION
REQUESTED RETURN
POSTAGE GUARANTEED

DENVER BOTANIC GAR DEI

DENVER, COLORADO

This is a non-profit organi¬
zation supported by municipal
and private funds.

i

Botanic

Gardens

j

House

Denver Botanic Gardens maintains a collection of living plants, both native and exotic,
for the purpose of acquiring, advancing and spreading botanical and horticultural knowledge.

m- ^*j**. 2

*»■***

WM

'• - -

ANNUAL REPORT FOR 1973

DENVER BOTANIC GARDENS

PEOPLE MADE IT POSSIBLE

PEOPLE MADE IT
POSSIBLE

Mrs. George H. Garrey
Trustee

Dr. Robert L. Stearns
Life Trustee
Botanic Gardens photo

COVER

Four tall pylons on the upper lake at Denver Botanic
Gardens supply water for the decorative waterways.
Photo by Frank Barrett, Wright-McLaughlin Engineers.

ANNUAL REPORT
FOR 1973

Denver Botanic Gardens

909 York St.

Denver, Colo. 80206
Copyright 1974, Denver Botanic Gardens

PEOPLE MADE IT POSSIBLE

A Report on

The Growth and Activities of
Denver Botanic Gardens

For the year of 1973

At Denver Botanic Gardens Annual Dinner, March 15, 1973

Dr. William G. Gam bill, Jr.
Director

Dr. Russell Seibert
Director - Long wood Gardens

Dr. A. C. Hildreth
Director Emeritus

John C. Mitchell
President, Board of Trustees

1

Denver Officials

William H. McNichols, Jr.Mayor

Joe Ciancio, Jr.Manager of Parks and Recreation

Councilmen: Linden Blue Edward F. Burke, Jr. Elvin R. Caldwell Eugene L.
DiManna Paul A. Hentzell Irving S. Hook Robert Koch Kenneth M. Macintosh
James J. Nolan Larry J. Perry William R. Roberts J. Ivanhoe Rosenberg
L. Don Wyman

TRUSTEES FOR DENVER BOTANIC GARDENS - 1973

Mr. Ralph Becker

Mr. Richard A. Kirk

Mr. John R. Bermingham

Mr. Alexander L. Kirkpatrick

Mr. Alfred J. Bromfield

Mrs. Robert M. Kosanke

Mrs. John Brooks, Jr.

Mr. Lawrence A. Long

Mrs. Donald C. Campbell

Mrs. Frank McLister*

Mrs. Brown W. Cannon

Mr. John C. Mitchell

Mr. George M. Canon

Mrs. Graham B. Morrison

Mr. Edward P. Connors

Mr. Charles C. Nicola

Dr. John R. Durrance

Mr. James C. Owen, Jr.

Mrs. George H. Garrey

Mrs. Howard Rea

Mrs. Jess Gibson

Mr. W. Braxton Ross*

Mr. 0. Ben Haley, Jr.

Dr. Moras L. Shubert

Mr. Harley G. Higbie, Jr.

Mrs. David S. Touff

Mrs. Edward H. Honnen

Mrs. James J. Waring

*Deceased

Mr. Hudson Moore, Jr.

Mr. Kenneth G. Wilmore

Life Trustees

Dr. Robert L. Stearns

Ex Officio Members

Dr. Kenneth M. Brink
Colorado State University

Mr. Joe Ciancio, Jr.

Manager, Department of Parks and Recreation
Mrs. Glenn Clayton, Sr.

President, Colorado Federation of Garden Clubs

Mr. Willard N. Greim
President, Denver Zoological Foundation

Mr. Herbert I. Jones
Plains Conservation Center Delegate

The Honorable William H. McNichols, Jr.
Mayor, City and County of Denver

Mr. Allan R. Phipps

President, Denver Museum of Natural History

2

Officers of the Board of Trustees

Mr. John C. Mitchell . President

Mr. Harley G. Higbie, Jr . Vice President

Mr. Charles C. Nicola . Vice President

Mrs. James J. Waring .

Mr. Richard A. Kirk.

Mr. Alexander L. Kirkpatrick
Dr. Moras L. Shubert.

. . Vice President

. Treasurer

Assistant Treasurer
. Secretary

Dr. William G. Gambill, Jr
Mr. Andrew R. Knauer . .
Mr. Ernest A. Bibee . . . .
Mr. David A. Blades . . . .
Mrs. Beverly M. Nilsen . .
Miss Margaret Sikes . . . .
Mrs. Solange Huggins . . .
Dr. A. C. Hildreth.

Staff

. Director

. Assistant Director

. Conservatory Superintendent

Assistant Conservatory Superintendent

. Botanist-Horticulturist

. Education Director

. Librarian

. Director Emeritus

Grounds and Maintenance

Jerry Lehi. Operations and Equipment Foreman

*Norman LeMay. Grounds Foreman

* Robert Adams . Gardener-Florist

*Ragnar Bramberg. Gardener-Florist (Retired)

Ruth Christie. Gardener-Florist

*Edwin N. Fennell. Gardener-Florist (Retired)

David Lankhorst. Gardener-Florist

Thomas McDuffie . Gardener-Florist

Richard A. Martinelli . Gardener-Florist

Ken Okazaki . Gardener-Florist

Richard Schimming . Gardener-Florist

Roy Nilsen . Carpenter

* Rick Wright. Maintenance Mechanic

Brian DeHaven. Maintenance Mechanic

John Castleberry. Utility Worker

Frank Garcia . Utility Worker

Frank Ragni. Utility Worker

Eugene Schaetzel. Utility Worker

*Steven F. Sturgis. Utility Worker

Robert Trevethan . Clerk II, Gate House Attendant

Secretarial Staff

Iris O’Connor. Account Clerk

*Theresa Chevarria . Clerk Typist II

*Patty Conlon. Clerk Typist II

Ruth Hawkins . Clerk Stenographer, Secretary to the Director

Helen McCloskey. Receptionist

*Left the agency before the end of the year.

3

Honorary Staff

Miss Lucy Crissey . Honorary Librarian

Dr. D. H. Mitchel. Honorary Curator of Mycology

Mrs. J. V. Petersen. Honorary Editor of The Green Thumb

Dr. Helen Zeiner. Honorary Curator of the Kathryn Kalmbach Herbarium

Dr. D. H. Mitchel — Honorary Curator of Mycology

Dr. Helen Marsh Zeiner — Honorary Curator of the Kathryn

Kalmbach Herbarium

Mrs. William H. Crisp — Honorary Life Member

Mrs. J. V. Petersen — Honorary Editor of The Green Thumb

4

Denver Botanic Gardens

PRESIDENT’S REPORT
1973

For the Trustees of Denver Botanic
Gardens, it is my pleasure to report to the
membership on the accomplishments and
activities of the past year, which has been
an eventful one.

With regret and a sense of great loss, I
report the deaths of two trustees, Mrs.
Frank McLister and Mr. W. Braxton Ross.
Both have served with dedication and
interest, Mrs. McLister having been a
member of the Board from 1951 and Mr.
Ross, from 1971.

Newly elected to the Board at its
annual meeting January 26, 1974 were:
Mrs. Frank B. Freyer, 2nd, Mrs.
Theodore B. Washburne, and Mr.
Harry B. Kuesel, with whom we look
forward to serving in the years to come.
They, like other members of the Board,
in addition to normal Board duties, also
will represent the membership on the
various committees which are so essential
to the functioning of the Gardens.

Membership in the Gardens continues
to grow despite the inconveniences and
the curtailment of displays and facilities
which have resulted from the extensive
construction program. As of the end of
the year there were 2,200 members as
compared with 1,139 in 1968. Dues
income has amounted to $20,827 this
year as compared with $9,060 five years
ago. This represents valued support, and
it is hoped it will grow as an indication of
interest and acceptance of our program.
An active committee is studying ways in
which membership can be more meaning¬
ful to the individual and also the extent
of privileges and services which should
attach to membership.

Later in this Annual Report detailed

figures are provided on the finances of
Denver Botanic Gardens, Inc. These
figures represent other than City and
County of Denver funds which have been
received from individuals, businesses, and
foundations and have been expended on
the program of the Gardens. This support
also is growing and must be counted upon
increasingly to supplement the funds pro¬
vided by the City. Those funds, represent¬
ing the invaluable, material support of the
Mayor and City Council, have been
increasing from year to year and amount¬
ed in 1973 to $371,000. The stringencies
of the City budget, however, provide
limits to this increase, and City Council
has indicated strong interest in the
generation of funds through admission
charges to supplement the annual budget
allocations as well as to provide needed
capital improvements. The latter are not
provided through this budget but must be
raised from private sources. This matter
of admissions is being seriously con¬
sidered by the Board, as is the case, as
well, with a number of other City
agencies operating under similar arrange¬
ments with the City. Some action with
respect to such charges undoubtedly will
be resolved in the near future.

During 1973, Phase II of the Plan of
Development continued to progress. Out
of the total of $100,000 sought from
private contributions, $75,626 have been
raised. This amount along with some
most welcome bequests and special gifts
has kept construction work continuing
through the year. This construction is
reported on in detail elsewhere. Notable
progress, however, is exemplified by the
two new greenhouses now in process of
completion which have been made

5

possible by a generous gift from the
Associates of Denver Botanic Gardens
and a bequest under the will of the late
Dr. John C. Long, reported last year. Also
completed were the wall in the plains
garden, which holds the entertaining
frieze, “Story of a Pikes Peaker”, by the
well-known artist, Robert Garrison,
depicting the early settlers moving into
the West, a number of additional walk¬
ways, and the large bridge leading to the
future west gate on Cheesman Park.
Although far from completion the con¬
struction under the Master Plan of
Development is continuing to the extent
funds are available and now provides in
part the setting for plantings which
actually were commenced in volume last
year under the guidance of the Horti¬
cultural Advisory Committee.

A major step in the long range devel¬
opment of Denver Botanic Gardens was

the acceptance by City Council
Ordinance of a plan for the City to enter
into an agreement with the United States
Corps of Engineers, Omaha District, to
lease and develop some 700 acres
between Chatfield Reservoir and the foot¬
hills as an arboretum and natural area for
study of native plant materials. The
Gardens will act as the agent of the City
for this project, and in time this area is
expected to be an important segment of
our operation.

Our thanks go out again to the Mayor
and City Council, to the Manager of Parks
and Recreation and his staff, to our own
loyal staff, and to the many hundreds of
volunteers — the Associates, the Guild,
the Around the Seasons Club, the Garden
Club of Denver, to name a few, — who
have supported Denver Botanic Gardens
and the progress being made in their
development.

John C. Mitchell
President

- CUT HERE-

DENVER BOTANIC GARDENS

909 York Street, Denver, Colorado 80206

I hereby apply for membership in the Denver Botanic Gardens □
I wish my membership in the Denver Botanic Gardens extended
Enclosed is $ _ for my annual dues.

Class of Membership desired: (check one)

□ Junior.— $ 2.50 Q Supporting.— $ 25.00

□ Regular .... — $ 7.50 □ Contributing.— $ 50.00

Participating . — $15.00 □ Business & Education Institutional — $100.00

Name_

Address _

City State Zip Code

Above rates for annual dues effective through May 1974.

6

1973

DIRECTOR S ANNUAL REPORT

In 1973, the tempo of progress at that unique and complex organization, Denver
Botanic Gardens, was accelerated as important construction was completed or
started, improvements were made, planting of the grounds advanced rapidly, and all
operations continued their steady growth. Part of the progress is evident, much of it
is not readily seen. Here are some measurements of that progress.

Construction and Development of Physical Facilities

Two long-planned new greenhouses were about 50% completed at the end of the
year. They will permit us to more than double our capacity for growing plants
under glass (outside of the Conservatory) and provide better growing conditions
than we have had before. The new structures will contain special propagation and
research chambers, as well as separate compartments for orchids, cacti and small
tropical plants, and a huge chamber for large tropical plants.

Adjacent to the service area a trim new Storage Building houses the motorized
vehicles and equipment. Additional new propagation beds, cold frames and a new
shade house enlarge and improve our potential for growing new plants from seeds,
cuttings and seedlings.

Close to 22,000 square feet of new concrete walkways and related structures
have been constructed in 1973, opening up new areas for soil preparation and
subsequent permanent plantings. This included walkways to the Dwarf Conifer
Garden and Dahlia Garden, ramps to the Amphitheatre, the last of the paving in the
central portion of the Gardens, and a fine new walkway with a handsome steel and
wood bridge, designed for heavy duty access, connecting the Gardens with a
matching walkway in Cheesman Park.

Lush green sod now covers the sidewalls of the Amphitheatre and the slopes of
the View Mound, watered by labor-saving automatic sprinkling systems. The outlines
of the new Herb Garden Extension can be seen in the contours of the concrete
underbase upon which the paving bricks will be laid this spring. Drains and potable
water lines have been installed there. The Herb Garden renovation and extension
proceeds under the auspices of Denver Botanic Gardens Guild. A spanking new
redwood fence encloses the Lew Hammer Garden and gives promise of further
interesting renovation already started by the Garden Club of Denver.

The newly acquired property north of the Education Building has been cleared
and graded and is now supporting a new cover crop of rye grass.

Considerable improvements have been made throughout the buildings at Denver
Botanic Gardens. Safety handrails, covered by bamboo poles, were installed in the
Conservatory, and new water lines and hydrants eliminated the use of unsightly
watering hoses on the paths. Aluminum strips on the large two piece window units
closed serious air leaks and strengthened the windows.

The skylight over the pool in the Lobby Court was completely rebuilt,
eliminating water leakage. A special unit designed to cover the skylight was built
and installed in Horticulture Hall, making it possible to darken the Hall for daytime
use of projection equipment.

Other improvements included new roofing over the Greenhouse Headhouse, a
personnel door next to the large overhead door in the Conservatory Garage, an

7

DIRECTOR S ANNUAL REPORT

additional concrete porch pad for the Children’s Garden Shelter, and the replace¬
ment of approximately 80% of the interior plumbing in Botanic Gardens House.

New Plantings and Plant Acquisition

Visible now are the new rows of trees planted along the major north-south
walkway south of the entrance to Boettcher Center. In the same general area one
may see scores of new shrubs in the first winter of their existence at the Botanic
Gardens. Some 23 varieties were added to the Sedum collection on the lower terrace
south of Horticulture Hall. A row of Austrian pines now stretches along the walk
leading to Cheesman Park.

Not so visible now are 300 Narcissus, 516 daffodil, and 2900 tulip bulbs, and
some 16,000 “minor bulbs” — Allium, Anemone, Chionodoxa, etc. — from
Netherlands Flower-Bulb Institute, planted as part of a long-range experiment
testing their flowering capabilities in our climate. Generous cooperation by
volunteers made possible the planting of this mountain of bulbs at the proper time.
Some 370 Hemerocallis (252 varieties) and some additional Iris varieties represent
new plantings in the garden this year, again with generous help from volunteers.
About 70 water-lilies and other water plants provided spectacular flowers and
foliage in various parts of the ornamental water system outdoors. A total of 238
perennials (38 different genera) were planted in display beds south of Botanic
Gardens House.

Denver Botanic Gardens now has 2592 taxa of permanent plants registered at the
national Plant Record Center of the American Horticultural Society.

In April 144 roses were planted in the All-America Rose Selection test garden, to
be maintained and tested for two years. Approximately 11,000 annual plants,
previously described in the Newsletter, were planted in late May and early June in
display beds along York Street, adjacent to the parking lot area, around Botanic
Gardens House, and in the main gardens.

Indoors new acquisitions of anthuriums, callas, cacti and other succulents (187 of
them), and particularly orchids (819!) have swelled the capacities of our older
greenhouses to the bursting point. Hundreds of varieties of plants, many not
previously tried in Denver, are growing in the various units of our propagation
facilities. An inventory of these, as of the end of July, showed 641 separate taxa
totaling 6,379 plants.

Plant Propagation Program

In 1973 the facilities of the hardy plant propagation area were further expanded
and refined, and production increased under the expert hand of our propagator.

In addition to the woody plant materials produced, as mentioned above, there
were approximately 5000 annuals and 200 perennials grown. Some of our western
native trees and shrubs were successfully vegetatively propagated. Approximately
700 plants of Vinca minor ‘Bowles’ and ‘Miss Jekyll’s White’ were set out in the
garden as well as 600 sedums of 23 varieties. Six trees and 50 shrubs attained
sufficient size to plant into the permanent collections. Some 248 different taxa
(1,000 total) were distributed to individuals, sister institutions, and nurserymen
during the year.

New plants and plant propagules, in 1973, came from the University of
Washington Arboretum, Colorado State University, U.S.D.A. Cheyenne Horticultural
Field Station, National Arboretum, Arnold Arboretum, Morton Arboretum, U.S.

8

Forest Service, University of California, University of Minnesota Landscape
Arboretum, George Landis Arboretum, Hoogendoorn Nursery, Longwood Gardens,
Denver City Park, Rocky Mountain Tree Experts, and many individuals. Western
Evergreen Nursery was especially helpful in supplying needed items.

Educational Program

During the past year the number of courses offered in our Educational Program
(see separate list) increased to 26, attended by over 1500 people. In many instances,
courses were filled to capacity and interested persons had to be turned away. Field
trips in spring, summer and fall were attended by 396 people. Four of them were
full-day trips to Pawnee Grasslands, Steamboat Springs, St. Mary’s Glacier and Mt.
Goliath.

Internationally known lecturers brought to the gardens during the year were Dr.
T. T. Kozlowski of the University of Wisconsin, speaking on “Growth
Characteristics of Woody Plants,” and Dr. Russell Seibert, Director of Longwood
Gardens, lecturing on “Air Pollution and Urban Horticulture.” Mrs. Joan Franson of
Tulsa, formerly very active at Denver Botanic Gardens, talked on “Today’s Roses,
History and Development.”

A new facet was added to the Educational Program in the form of an Art and
Garden Tour of Japan, Taiwan and Hongkong co-sponsored by the Denver Botanic
Gardens and the Denver Art Museum, with thirty enthusiastic participants in the
three week’s trip.

Use of Facilities

The tempo of intense activity at the Gardens is indicated by the number of
people who use the facilities. Turnstile count for the year, in the early months at
the Conservatory entrance in the lobby, later at the York Street gate, was 213,723
persons. Meetings, lectures, programs and shows in Horticulture Hall were attended
by 15,595, including 2800 for the African Violet Show and Sale, 2945 for the
Junior Bonsai Club Show, 2000 each for the Gladiolus Society, the Denver Dahlia
Society and the Denver Orchid Society shows, and 600 at the Green Thumb Garden
Club show. Uncounted thousands came to the Annual Plant Sale in May and several
hundreds to each of these: the Colorado Water Color Exhibit, the Garden and
Terrace Tour, and the Gift Shop Christmas Sale. Attendance was in the hundreds at
the Annual Membership Dinner, the Rose Symposium, and the annual sale of corms
and roots held by the Gladiolus and Dahlia Societies. Over 6000 persons attended
meetings in the rooms of Botanic Gardens House, and over 11,000 were present at
classes and meetings in the lecture rooms of the Education Building.

One of the busiest spots in the Gardens is the Gift Shop which the volunteers
have made into a thriving operation, important to our program.

A constant stream of visitors flows through the Conservatory and there are not
enough volunteer tour guides to meet the demand.

Staff

The administrative staff at Botanic Gardens House was augmented in 1973 with
the addition of Ruth Hawkins, former part time employee, as Clerk Stenographer II.
Ken K. Okazaki came to the Gardens as Gardener Florist I, Robert Trevethan as
Clerk II with duties as gate keeper, John Castleberry and Frank Garcia as Utility
Workers I, Brian De Haven as Maintenance Mechanic, and E. Thomas McDuffie as
Gardener Florist II. Long time and highly valued employees, Ragnar Nils Bramberg
and Edwin Fennell, retired during the year.

9

DIRECTOR S ANNUAL REPORT

Children’s Garden

1973 was the 14th year for the Children’s Garden program. One hundred and
fourteen children (60 beginners and 54 advanced) between the ages of 9 and 14
participated in the program which ran from April through September. Indoor
instructional classes in preparing, planting and maintaining a vegetable garden were
held in April and early May. Outdoor gardening work began in mid-May with each
child tending his own 10' by 10' plot. Three educational lectures were presented to
the children during the summer. The program culminated in September with a
graduation ceremony and a garden fair where the children exhibited their best
garden produce for judges as well as the public. Mrs. Jane Denton was the
instructor. The parents provided many hours of help and supervision.

Library

The Helen Fowler Library continues to develop in size and diversity through
planned purchases and generous donations of rare and unusual books from friends.
(See special article in this report.) Over 4000 books and 140 pamphlets were
circulated during the year; 21,596 persons visited the library, of whom 8101 used
its facilities. Botanic Gardens staff used the library 431 times. A total of 809 books
and numerous pamphlets were added to the library during 1973, bringing the total
number of books in its collection to 4,916.

Herbarium

In the Kathryn Kalmbach Herbarium, sorting and renovating of the gift
collection from the University of Denver was completed. Work continues on
mounting and incorporating stored specimens into the general collection which
numbers slightly over 10,000 sheets. Numerous specimens not suitable for the
general collection were prepared and added to the educational and display
collection. Appropriate seasonal displays were maintained on the display balcony
and were found to be very helpful to many visitors for identifying plants. (See the
Winter issue of The Green Thumb for the story of the Herbarium.)

Mycological Research Laboratory

As reported by Dr. D. H.Mitchel, the laboratory’s activities in research, teaching,
community service and lectures is impressive. Research includes the collection,
identification, photography and storing of specimens of fleshy fungi, exchanging
material with other institutions, recording and indexing collections, research in
toxicology, and study at the Montana Biological Station at Flathead Lake.

In addition to a course in mycology given under the auspices of Denver Botanic
Gardens, teaching included a “Pre-Microscopic Course,” a Poisonous Mushroom
Course for medical personnel, and three workshops in mycology.

The mycology group published a book on Mushroom Poisoning in Colorado
which was distributed to the emergency rooms of all hospitals in Colorado as well
as 50 or 60 hospitals in Kansas, Nebraska and Wyoming. It identified suspected
mushrooms for Poisonlab and identified others brought to the Botanic Gardens.
Dr. Mitchel, who served as chairman of the toxicology committee for the North
American Mycological Association in 1973, gave lectures on four occasions, to
medical groups, on television, and at the Gardens.

10

Publications

The Green Thumb quarterly magazine of the Denver Botanic Gardens, presented
an important survey of “What has happened to our trees in the last three years?” in
the spring issue, a full report on the Chatfield Arboretum in the summer issue, and
a study of the Kathryn Kalmbach Herbarium in the winter issue. Its regular
departments and a wide variety of other articles on horticulture in this region
appeared in all issues.

Dr. James Feucht continued his informative “Gardening Tips” in the monthly
Green Thumb Newsletter, recognized as an essential part of Botanic Gardens
membership. Mrs. Paul Bloustein became editor of The Jolly Green Gardener,
working with Beverly Nilsen in preparing this publication for young people who are
Junior Members of the Botanic Gardens.

For the first time, the Annual Report was published separately, in a different
format, under the title “Patterns of Progress.”

Long-Range Programs

In addition to the steps taken for the establishment of an arboretum at Chatfield
Reservoir, as described in the President’s Report, Denver Botanic Gardens began
activities on the Walter S. Reed property west of Evergreen with renovation of the
cabin and other facilities. The cabin has been winterized and with an occupant,
vandalism of the property has been eliminated. Long-range plans call for this
property to become a Montane Zone Extension of The Denver Botanic Gardens.

A Look into the Future

The coming year will see significant advances in soil preparation and new
plantings in the outside garden. Other projects, to mention a few, will include
construction of the gazebo near the lower lake, installation of walkways in the
Plains Garden and adjacent areas, continuing progress in the Herb Garden Extension
and the Hammer Garden. Construction of concrete walkways and walls and the
placing of extensive amounts of rip-rapping on mounds, all in the southwest portion
of the garden, will be initiated in 1974. Continuation of planning for the Japanese
Garden will be an item receiving much attention. Renovation of portions of the
Gates Garden is also on the planning list. Construction of a west entrance
Gatehouse at Cheesman Park will be undertaken as soon as possible. It is our hope
to have approximately the east half of the outside garden open to the public almost
continuously during the coming season.

To sum up, let us say we envision probably the busiest year yet in the history of
the Botanic Gardens in all areas, but also one of the most exciting from the
standpoint of potential progress.

People Made It Possible

To the Mayor, the City Council, the Dept, of Parks and Recreation, members of
the Board of Trustees, Staff, volunteers and friends of the Denver Botanic Gardens
we express our deep gratitude for their efforts in helping make 1973 a noteworthy
one at the Gardens. Even more, we are counting on your continuing loyalty and
your contributions in time, hard work, and financial support to help us meet the
challenges of 1974.

Dr. William G. Gambill, Jr.
Director

11

Courses offered at Denver Botanic Gardens in 1973

By Denver Botanic Gardens

Tropical Plants of the Conservatory . Mrs. Hayward

Home Garden Design . Mr. Knauer

Knowing, Growing and Using Herbs . Mrs. Falkenberg

Native Plants in Landscape Design . Mr. Swift

African Violet Workshop. Mrs. Lahr

Rose Symposium.Mr. Lahr

House Plant Clinic. Mr. Bibee

Bonsai for Beginners. Mr. Fukuma

Summer Lawn Care . Mr. Boyle

Vegetable Gardening for the Denver Area . Mr. LeMay

Something New in Peonies . Mr. O’Donnell

Summer Care of Roses. Mr. Lahr and Mr. Nixon

Techniques of Propagation . Mr. Knauer

Insect and Disease Prevention in Your Garden . Miss Machin

Beginning Flower Arrangement . Mr. Ashley

Dividing and Transplanting Perennials. Mr. Riley

Fall Care of Roses. Mr. O’Donnell

Identification of Common Mushrooms . Mr. Grimes

Wild Flower Photography . Mrs. Yeatts

General Botany. Dr. Denham

Drying Herbs.Mrs. Falkenberg

Preparing Your Garden for Winter .Mr. Gundell

Tropical Plants for Home and Garden. Mr. Bibee

Introduction to Mycology. Dr. Mitchel

Guiding is Fun .Associates

Tree Walks. Dr. Gambill, Dr. Feucht, Dr. Shubert, Miss White

By Other Institutions

Environmental Education . Mr. Holtzer, University of Colorado

Local Flora.Dr. Gambill, University of Denver

Floral Design Workshop .Mr. Ashley, Community College of Denver

Workshop in Environmental Education . Mr. Holtzer

University of Colorado

Workshop in Community Museum Projects . Mr. McGlathery

University of Colorado

12

DENVER BOTANIC GARDENS, INC.
909 York Street
Denver, Colorado

FINANCIAL STATEMENT

December 31, 1973

ASSETS

Cash Accounts:

Checking Account
Savings Accounts
Investment Trust Account
Tax Reserve, etc.

Other Assets:

Real Estate

Conservatory

Education Building

Master Plan Development

Greenhouse

Land — 11th & York

Equipment Owned

TOTAL

$ 2,126.65

130,473.73
101,629.87
1,387.30

$ 235,617.55

203,544.92

879,003.27

861,453.55

634,098.44

91,801.94

140,777.71

8,122,37

2,818,802.20

$3,054,419.75

EQUITY ACCOUNT

Liabilities:

Notes Payable 49,737.95

Rent Deposits 500.00

$ 50,237.95

Fund Accounts:

Represented by Cash 235,617.55

Represented by Other Assets 2,768,564.25

3,004,181.80

TOTAL $3,054,419.75

ACCOUNTANT S OPINION

We have examined the balance sheet of the Denver Botanic Gardens, Inc. as of
December 31, 1973 and the related statement of cash receipts and disbursement for
the period then ended. Our examination was made in accordance with generally
accepted auditing standards and accordingly included such other auditing procedures
as we considered necessary in the circumstances.

In my opinion, the accompanying balance sheet and statement of cash receipts
and disbursements present fairly the financial position of the Denver Botanic
Gardens, Inc. at December 31, 1973, and the related cash receipts and
disbursements for the year then ended on a basis consistent with that of the
preceding year.

J. D. Vander Ploeg
Certified Public Accountant

13

TREASURES OF

Gerard’s “Herball,” 1633

THE WARING RARE ROOK

ROOM

HELEN FOWLER LIBRARY
Denver Botanic Gardens

Solange Huggins

Almost unknown to the public, the
Waring Rare Book Room in the Helen
Fowler Library houses a precious collec¬
tion of classic herbals and other botan¬
ical works, steadily increasing in number
and value, all given to Denver Botanic
Gardens by generous donors.

For example, these old books: A Latin
herbal, published in 1542, which includes
the first American plants to be described
in any herbal; the classic Gerard’s Herball,
one of the first to be written in English;
an early edition of Linnaeus’ Genera
Plantamm; the six volume North Ameri¬
can Sylva by Thomas Nut tall. They are
all there, together with many other rare
volumes.

Library volunteers Frances Warden,
Helen White and Edith Wilson are
steadily at work in the Rare Book
Room. They have classified and
cataloged the gifts of books from Helen
Fowler, Mrs. James J. Waring, Kathryn
Kalmbach, Dr. A. C. Hildreth, Mrs. John
Evans and others, and have begun work
on the recently acquired Ellis collection.

The Rare Book Room, located in the
northwest corner of the Helen Fowler

Library, was donated to the Gardens by
Mrs. Waring. Its floor space measures
17.5 by 10.4 feet; its enclosed adjust¬
able oak shelves have over 1100 feet of
shelving space. The upper cabinet doors
are iron latticed glass, permitting the
reading of book titles, the lower doors
are solid oak. A large refectory table
and four chairs allow comfortable
perusal of the books. A separate
thermostat and humidifier protect the
contents of the room.

The rare books are classified according
to the Library of Congress scheme. No
marks are permitted to be made in any
volume, and no existing marks may be
removed. The library call number is type¬
written on a slip of acid-free paper which
is long enough to show above the book.

The books donated by Mrs. Kalmbach
and Mrs. Fowler include wild flower
books and small local floras, some of
them beautifully illustrated with color
plates. Dr. Waring’s interests are reflected
in the collection of herbals, including the
works of Fuchs, Parkinson, Gerard and
Malpighi, and Mrs. Waring’s interests are
shown in the comprehensive orchid

14

“Matthioli Senensis Medici, ”1569

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“Historia Plantarum,” 1644

monographs she donated to the library.

De Historia Stirpium, by Leonard
Fuchs, Isingrin Press, Basle, 1542 (oldest
book in the library), is large — 39 by 25
cm. — and bound in full leather.
Although it is somewhat worn and lacks
its clasps, it is still in very good condition.
This Latin herbal, dealing with 400 plants
native to Germany and 100 foreign
plants, includes the first American plants,
corn and pumpkin, to be described and
illustrated in any herbal. Fuchs did not
use the woodcuts of other herbalists, he
has his own made by three artists: one
who drew the plant, another who
designed the woodcut, and a third who
made the woodcut. Pictures of the artists
are on the last page of the book. Some of
these woodcuts were colored, probably at
a later date, and probably by more than
one person.

This work of Fuchs is a botanical
landmark because of its form: the plants
are described in alphabetical order by
botanic name with the Greek, Latin and
German names also given, followed by
morphological marks of the particular
type of plant, where it could be found,

when it flowers, and the opinions of
Dioscorides, Galen and Pliny. It contains
an instructive chapter, “An explanation
of difficult terms,” thought to be the
earliest published vocabulary of botanic
terms.

The classic Gerard’s Herball, or
“General Historie of Plants,” gives each
plant name in English, High Dutch, Low
Dutch, French, Italian and Spanish. It is
divided into three books: Book I “con¬
taining grasses, rushes, reeds, corn, flags
and bulbous or onion-rooted plants,” and
Book II “containing the description,
place, time, names, nature and vertues of
all sorts of Herbes for meate, medicine or
sweet smelling use, etc.” Then there is
Book III “containing the descriptions
(etc.) of trees, shrubs, bushes, fruit bear¬
ing plants, rosins, gums, roses, heath,
mosses; some Indian plants, and other
rare plants not remembered in the
Proeme to the 1st book. Also mushrooms,
corals and their several buds, etc.” It is a
beautiful book, bound in full leather
(probably at a date later than that of
publication), very different in design

15

Pages in “De Historia Stirpium, ” by Leonard Fuchs 1542

from Fuchs. The particular edition given
to the library by Mrs. Waring has been
enlarged and amended by Thomas
Johnson and was published by Norton
and Whitakers in London in 1633.

The Ellis collection, donated recently
by Mr. and Mrs. Erl H. Ellis, contains
many volumes of biographical material,
early American botany textbooks, a near¬
ly complete collection of all editions of
the works of Asa Gray, reports of govern¬
ment geological and geographical surveys
as well as local flora — books on western
geographical distribution of plants.

Outstanding in the Ellis collection is
an 8th edition of Genera Plantarum by
Carl Linnaeus which provides the library
with its only original work by the greatest
scientific organizer of his time. In two
volumes, the work is edited by Johann
Christian Daniel von Schreber, and was
published in Francofurti by Varrentrap,
1789-91.

The six volume North American Sylva
carries this additional title: “or, a descrip¬
tion of the forest trees of the United
States, Canada and Nova Scotia, not

described in the work of F. Andrew
Michaux, and containing all the forest
trees discovered in the Rocky Mountains,
the territory of Oregon, down to the
shores of the Pacific, and into the con¬
fines of California, as well as in various
parts of the U.S., as illustrated by 122
colored lithographs made by Thomas
Sinclair of Philadelphia.” The work is by
Thomas Nuttall (1786-1859). It has
illustrations of rare beauty depicting the
leaf, flower and fruits of the plants
described. Plant names are in English,
French and Latin.

Many of the books are first editions
with beautiful hand-tooled bindings. The
collection also includes early gardening
periodicals and fine pictorial works.

These are a few of the treasures in the
Rare Book Room. Notable non-book
material housed there includes the water
colors of Oregon wild flowers by Lillian
Hallock and the botanical stamp
collection of Kathryn Kalmbach. The
Waring room is open to the public by
appointment.

16

IN APPRECIATION

The Trustees wish to recognize the following for
their most appreciated contributions to the
DEVELOPMENT FUND, 1969-1973

Individuals

Mr. Theron Ackerman

Mr. R. W. Akerlow

Mr. Robert Alldredge

Mr. & Mrs. Keith Anderson

Dr. & Mrs. James R. Arneill, Jr.

Mr. & Mrs. Paul Atchison

Dr. & Mrs. R. Dixie Baines, Jr.
Mr. Edwin A. Baker, Jr.

Mrs. Alexander L. Barbour

Dr. John S. Barker

Mr. Mark F. Bennett

Drs. Bennion and Poppert

Mr. & Mrs. Field C. Benton

Mr. William G. Berge

Mr. Merriam B. Berger

Mr. & Mrs. Andrews D. Black

Dr. & Mrs. S. E. Blandford

Mr. R. G. Boekel

Mr. Harry B. Bolton

Mrs. Robert G. Bosworth, Sr.

Mr. & Mrs. J. Clinton Bowman

Dr. & Mrs. Harold H. Bremers

Dr. & Mrs. Herbert R. Brettell

Mrs. Loring Brock

Mr. & Mrs. Alfred J. Bromfield

Mrs. Marjorie B. Bromfield

Mr. Max G. Brooks

Dr. & Mrs. William R. Brown

Mr. & Mrs. Brown W. Cannon
Mr. & Mrs. George R. Cannon
Mr. & Mrs. George M. Canon
Mrs. Farrington R. Carpenter
Mr. Lester G. Carpenter, Jr.

Miss Frances G. Carswell
Mr. Kenneth W. Caughey
Mr. George P. Caulkins, Jr.

Dr. Charles A. Chidsey, III

Mr. Charles Clark

Dr. Mack L. Clayton

Mr. & Mrs. Edward B. Close

Mr. Alvin L. Cohen

Mrs. Albert J. Coleman

Mr. & Mrs. Thomas E. Congdon

Mr. & Mrs. Edward P. Connors

Mr. Allen Cook

Mrs. Adolph Coors, III

Mr. & Mrs. George Cranmer

Mr. Walter C. Crew

Mr. & Mrs. Raymond B. Crowley

Dr. & Mrs. George Curfman

Dr. Marvin L. Daves
Mr. & Mrs. Marvin Davis
Mr. Richard M. Davis
Mr. Cortlandt S. Dietler
Mr. & Mrs. Eugene Dines
Mr. & Mrs. Donald D. Dodge
Dr. John R. Durrance

Mr. & Mrs. O. Thomas Elliot
Mr. & Mrs. Morris A. Esmiol

Mr. & Mrs. Thomas B. Faxon
Dr. & Mrs. Giles F. Filley
Mr. & Mrs. T. M. Francis
Dr. & Mrs. Charles G. Freed
Mr. & Mrs. Pierpont Fuller

Mrs. George H. Garrey

Mr. Samuel Gary

Mrs. Jess Gibson

Mr. & Mrs. William W. Grant

Mr. & Mrs. William W. Grant, III

Mr. & Mrs. Schuyler Grey

Mr. John E. Griffith

Mr. & Mrs. W. G. Griffith

Mr. O. Ben Haley, Jr.

Mrs. Robert W. Halpenny

Mr. & Mrs. Frederic C. Hamilton

Mr. Jene P. Harper

Mr. & Mrs. J. Ramsey Harris

Mr. & Mrs. Royal B. Hassrick

Mr. Victor Hawkins

Dr. & Mrs. Robert L. Hawley

Dr. Harrison F. Hayes

Mr. Richard J. Heider

Mrs. Cass M. Herrington

Mr. John D. Hershner

Mr. & Mrs. Harley G. Higbie, Jr.

Dr. George J. Hill, II
Mr. Arthur W. Hiner, Jr.

Mrs. Joseph G. Hodges

Dr. Richard E. Holman

Mr. & Mrs. Hardin Holmes

Mr. & Mrs. Marmaduke B. Holt, Jr.

Dr. John B. Holyoke

Mr. & Mrs. Ed H. Honnen

Mr. & Mrs. George M. Hopfenbeck, Jr.

Mr. & Mrs. Victor Hornbein

Mr. & Mrs. William H. Hornby

Mr. E. B. Horton, Jr.

Mr. & Mrs. W. Coles Hudgins

Dr. J. H. Humphries

Mr. & Mrs. David Y. Hurwitz

Dr. & Mrs. William C. Jackson
Dr. & Mrs. Edward S. Johnson

Mr. & Mrs. George W. Kali

Mr. & Mrs. Edwin S. Kassler, Jr.

Mr. C. Howard Kast

Mrs. Ralph L. Keiper

Mr. & Mrs. John Fleming Kelly

Mr. David Kerr

Mrs. John G. Kerr

Mr. Harold Taft King

Mr. Kenneth K. King

Mr. & Mrs. Richard A. Kirk

Mr. & Mrs. Alexander Kirkpatrick

Mr. & Mrs. Erie O. Kistler

Mr. William H. Kistler

Mr. F. C. Knoebel

Mr. & Mrs. Thomas B. Knowles

Mr. & Mrs. Walter K. Koch

Kathryn Koehler

Mr. & Mrs. David H. Krohn

Mr. Robert L. Kropf

Mr. & Mrs. Elwood M. Kullgren

Mr. & Mrs. W. Clarence Kurtz

Mrs. Baxter Lanius

Mr. & Mrs. David Lawrence

Dr. & Mrs. Edward B. Liddle

Dr. John L. Lightbum

Mrs. Alonzo Lilly

Dr. & Mrs. James E. List

Dr. John Litvak

Dr. John C. Long

Mr. & Mrs. Lawrence A. Long

Dr. & Mrs. John S. Longcamp

Mr. John B. Longman

Mrs. John Mac Kenzie
Dr. Hugh A. MacMillan
Mrs. Claude Maer, Jr.

Col. & Mrs. Marion M. Magruder

Dr. Emil J. Massa

Mr. F. R. Mayer

Dr. Gilbert L. McDonough

Dr. & Mrs. Frank McGlone

Mr. Forrest E. McGrath

Dr. & Mrs. Robert L. McKenna

Dr. Douglas A. McKinnon

Mr. & Mrs. Frank McLister

17

IN APPRECIATION

Dr. E. B. Pratt
Mrs. John S. Pyeatt

Mr. & Mrs. Henry B. McLister

Mr. & Mrs. John N. Meade

Mr. Jack Miller

Mr. & Mrs. Myron Miller

Mr. William D. Miller

Mrs. William D. Millett

Mrs. Clark G. Mitchell

Mr. & Mrs. John C. Mitchell, II

Mr. & Mrs. Richard W. Mitchell

Mr. & Mrs. Davis W. Moore

Mr. Hudson Moore, Jr.

Mr. & Mrs. Willett Moore
Mr. & Mrs. George R. Morrison
Mrs. Graham B. Morrison

Mr. & Mrs. Glen E. Neidert

Mr. Douglas Nelson

Mr. Ralph J. Nelson

Mrs. Frances R. Newton

Mr. & Mrs. Charles C. Nicola

Dr. Leo J. Nieland

Mr. & Mrs. Aksel Nielsen

Mr. James C. Owen, Jr.

Mr. & Mrs. J. Churchill Owen
Mr. Marvin F. Owens, Sr.

Mr. & Mrs. Bruce Paul

Dr. & Mrs. Bruce C. Paton

Mr. Richard T. Paynter

Mr. & Mrs. Kennard P. Perry

Dr. Robert B. Perry

Mr. & Mrs. Donald C. Peterson

Drs. Pfister, Dean and Whitesel

Mr. & Mrs. Gerald H. Phipps

Mr. & Mrs. W. Douglas Poole

Dr. & Mrs. William A. H. Rettberg
Mrs. Elizabeth H. Reynolds
Mr. Frank H. Ricketson, Jr.

Dr. & Mrs. Conrad M. Riley

Mr. & Mrs. Arthur Rippey

Mrs. Harold D. Roberts

Dr. & Mrs. Arthur Robinson

Mr. & Mrs. Bruce M. Rockwell

Mr. & Mrs. Walter S. Rosenberry, III

Mr. & Mrs. W. Braxton Ross

Mr. Ira C. Rothgerber, Jr.

Dr. Fred J. Roukema

Dr. & Mrs. Charles A. Rymer

Dr. & Mrs. Emanuel Salzman
Dr. & Mrs. Kenneth C. Sawyer
Mr. & Mrs. Fred Schmid
Mr. & Mrs. Frank H. Shafroth
Mr. & Mrs. Morrison Shafroth
Mr. & Mrs. Richard S. Shannon, Jr.
Mr. & Mrs. Charles Sheldon
Dr. & Mrs. Bernard C. Sherbok
Dr. & Mrs. Norbert L. Shere
Dr. & Mrs. Moras L. Shubert
Mr. & Mrs. Harold F. Silver
Mr. & Mrs. Chard P. Smith, Jr.

Mr. & Mrs. Wayne Stacey
Mr. Charles E. Stanton
Dr. & Mrs. Robert L. Stearns
Mr. & Mrs. Charles S. Sterne
Mr. F. M. Stevenson
Mr. & Mrs. James E. Stokes
Mr. Robert G. Stovall, Jr.

Mr. & Mrs. Henry Swan
Mrs. William E. Sweet, Jr.

Mr. & Mrs. E. T. H. Talmage, Jr.

Mr. & Mrs. Thomas E. Taplin

Mr. William G. Temple

Mr. & Mrs. Sewall Thomas

Dr. & Mrs. Giles Toll

Dr. & Mrs. Henry W. Toll, Jr.

Mr. Henry W. Toll, Sr.

Mr. & Mrs. David Touff
Mr. & Mrs. John D. Turner

Mr. Arthur K. Underwood, Jr.

Dr. & Mrs. Ralph H. Verploeg

Mr. Gerald A. Walker
Mr. Roscoe Walker, Jr.

Mr. Stanley T. Wallbank

Mrs. James J. Waring

Mr. & Mrs. Theodore B. Washbume

Mr. & Mrs. Charles Waynick

Dr. Marlin Weaver

Dr. Franklin P. Wherry

Mr. & Mrs. Norman White

Mr. Alfred A. Wiesner

Mr. E. Warren Willard

Mr. H. L. Willett

Mr. & Mrs. James Wilson

Judge Fred M. Winner

Dr. Sara D. Winter

Dr. & Mrs. William C. Winter

Dr. & Mrs. Oliver Wolcott

Mr. & Mrs. Erving Wolf

Dr. Don E. Woodard

Mr. & Mrs. Harold Writer

Mr. T. R. Wyles, Jr.

Dr. H. S. Zuckerman

Business and Industry

Ambrose Williams and Co.

American Fertilizer and Chemical Co.
Ardelt’s Flowers
Arthur Andersen & Co.

Band - It Company
Barnett Company
Bradford Publishing Co.

Cahners Publishing Co., Inc.

Capitol Federal Savings
Chevron Oil Company
Colorado Fuel and Iron Corp.
Columbia Savings and Loan
Construction Specialties Co.

Coopers & Lybrand
Adolph Coors Company
Crissey-Fowler Lumber Co.

Daly Companies
Davis Oil Co.

Deane Buick Co.

Del Farm Stores

The Denver Brick and Pipe Co.

Denver Clearing House Association
Denver Wholesale Florists
Facilities Planning & Development Corp.
Forest Oil Co.

Franklin Supply Co.

Fuller and Company
Greeley Gas Co.

Grimes Pipe & Supply Co.

Gump Glass Company
Haskins and Sells
Ideal Basic Industries, Inc.

Keebler Co.

Ketchum, Inc.

Larson Construction Co.

McCoy Caterpillar Co.

R. L. Manning Company

18

May D & F Co.

Midland Federal Savings
Moore Mortuary
Mountain Bell

The Neusteter Colorado Company, Inc.
PPG Industries, Inc.

Pan American Petroleum
J. C. Penney Co., Inc.

Pepsi - Cola Bottling Co. of Denver
Perl - Mack Homes, Inc.

Gerald H. Phipps, Inc.

Public Service Company of Colorado
Retail Florists Association of Colorado
Rickenbaugh Cadillac Co.

Safeway Stores, Inc.

Sears, Roebuck and Company
Security Life and Accident Co.
Shell Oil Company
B. K. Sweeney Mfg. Co.

Swingle, Inc.

Texaco, Inc.

Van Schaack & Company
Webb Resources
Western Federal Savings
A. R. Wilfley and Sons, Inc.

Brad Wolff and Associates, Inc.
Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co.

Foundations and Trusts

Louis D. Beaumont Foundation
Blackmer Foundation
Boettcher Foundation
Frederick G. Bonfils Foundation
The Bosworth Foundation
The Ruth H. Brown Foundation
Franklin L. Bums Foundation
Central Bank Foundation, Inc.
Continental Airlines Foundation
The John G. Duncan Estate
The Vida Francis Ellison Trust
El Pomar Foundation
Foss Foundation
Gates Foundation
Mabel Y. Hughes Charitable Trust

Arthur E. Johnson Foundation

The Jess & Rose Kortz Foundation

The Raphael Levy Memorial Foundation, Inc.

Charles E. Merrill Trust
Carl A. Norgren Foundation

Martin J. and Mary A. O’Fallon Charitable Foundation

The Elmer H. Peterson Foundation

The Lawrence Phipps Foundation

The Elmer F. Pierson Foundation

Shwayder Foundation, Inc.

Silver Foundation

1624 Tremont Foundation, Inc.

Union Pacific Foundation

The Van Hummell-Howard Foundation

The Elizabeth Firth Wade Endowment Fund

Related Organizations

American Iris Society, Region 20
Associates of Denver Botanic Gardens
Broadmoor Garden Club
Colorado Cactophiles
The Colorado Mountain Club
Colorado Nurserymen’s Association
Crestmoor Gardens
Crestmoor Park Garden Club
Denver Botanic Gardens Guild

Denver Men’s Garden Club

Denver Rose Society

Fort Lupton Garden Club

Garden Club of Denver

Ikebana International, Denver Chapter #66

Men’s Garden Clubs of Colorado

Perennial Garden Club

Volunteers of Denver Botanic Gardens.

PEOPLE MADE IT POSSIBLE

19

THE ANNUAL PLANT SALE

A BIG event and a GRAND experience.

It’s a year ’round job, culminating in
two explosive days in May. When one
Plant Sale is over, preparations start for
the next one. Selected plants, the right
kind, are ordered from the grower; some¬
times the Plant Sale people furnish seeds
to the grower. Then it’s the grower’s job
until the next spring.

Early in the spring the chairman and
her top assistants begin the organization.
It’s a job of planning, of letter writing, of
telephoning. Over 300 people must be
enlisted, enlisted for sure, and for no pay.
That seems impossible but it’s done every
year. And the volunteers must be
educated — schooled on the plants they
will handle. There’s weeks of that.

Every facet, every little job to be
done, must be planned. There must be
publicity in the newspapers and Plant
Sale workers must plan and furnish it.
There are signs to be made, label sticks to
be obtained, colored and marked. Boxes
by the dozens must be on hand.

Don’t forget the grocery carts for the
shoppers, and the ribbons for the work¬
ers. Don’t forget the saw horses and table
tops and cash registers. Most of all, don’t
forget the thousands of plants that must
be delivered on time, the day before and

the days of the sale. They must all be
healthy and fresh. They must be good
plants, that will do well here.

Be sure and get Gaylord Street, next
to the sale area, closed by the city for
two days, and the residents notified.

There’s a chairman for the whole
operation and a co-chairman, and a chair¬
man for preliminary planning. The sale
force is divided into 35 sections or
departments, each with a chairman, and
each of these chairmen has his staff and
workers. The plant divisions are set up
like this: annuals, berry basket, Bonsai,
children’s booth, everlastings, geraniums
and patio plants, herbs and vegetables,
home donations (you too can donate
plants to the sale), house plants, peren¬
nials, rock gardens and ground covers,
trees and shrubs.

And then there are other departments:
books (used books for sale!), cashiering,
checkroom, customer service, Gift Shop
and Gift Shop annex, information, check-
stands, membership (62 new members
came into Botanic Gardens at the last
Plant Sale), refreshments (sandwiches and
pop for tired and hungry customers and
workers), signs and publicity. Somewhere

20

in there come boys and girls to help
customers get their plants to their cars,
and senior citizens sorting the sticks
accumulated at checkstands so that they
can go back to incoming plants.

It’s a tremendous operation while it
lasts. No one knows exactly how many
individual plants and flats of plants, and
trees, and gifts from the Gift Shop, and
hanging baskets were sold in 1973.

The would-be purchasers were lined up
for a block when the gate opened on
Friday morning, and the line moved
continuously through the gate all day
Friday and again all day Saturday, with
hardly a break. The people poured into
the Plant Sale area and crowded around
the 265 feet of table frontage and, as fast
as they left, their places were taken by
newcomers. This went on all day, both
days.

The Plant Sale workers hardly had a
moment to breathe. They identified the
plants the customers asked about, gave a
one-minute course in the culture of that

plant, and turned to answer more quest¬
ions. They moved fast, efficiently, and
continuously. They didn’t realize how
tired they were until the day was over.

Unless you were there, were one of the
workers, you wouldn’t know of the great
compensation that came to each of them.
More important and satisfying than finan¬
cial reward was the sense of comradeship,
the great pleasure of a mutual endeavor,
jointly and successfully accomplished. We
did it! We did it well; together!

They did it without any selfish motive.
They did it for Botanic Gardens — to
bring in some income to keep the
Gardens going. They did it to bring
pleasure in growing things to the
hundreds who purchased plants. They did
it because it is a good thing to do. At the
end of the sale they were worn out but
exhilarated, and the best of friends. So
they came back, after the gardeners and
the buyers had departed, and began to
clean up, and put away, and tally the
results.

Gifts and Bequests

Lifetime and testamentary gifts to the Denver Botanic Gardens are deductible in computing
both income and death taxes. The Trustees ask anyone who wishes to add to the Gardens'
limited resources to consider making a gift of either real or personal property during life, or
a bequest or devise by will. Such disposition can be made specifically either for the Development
Fund or the Endowment Fund or both. The proper designation of the recipient is The Denver
Botanic Gardens, Inc., a Colorado Corporation.

FORM for GIFT or BEQUEST

I hereby give □ bequeath □ to The Denver Botanic Gardens, Inc., a Colorado Corporation, a
non-profit, educational institution, the following:

Endowment Fund, Amount:_ Development Fund, Amount:

to be applied for the purposes of The Denver Botanic Gardens.

Name

Address

City

State

Zip

Signature

Phone

21

Dr. William G. Gambill, Jr. with four of the many valuable volunteers, at the Denver Botanic
Gardens Annual Dinner, March 15, 1973.

Mrs. Mary Secrest

Manager of the Gift Shop

Dr. Gambill
Director

Mrs. Graham B. Morrison

Trustee

Gift Shop Committee

Mrs. Phil Hayward

Training - Conservatory Guides

Editorial Committee

Mrs. Robert M. Kosanke

Trustee

Editorial Committee

22

PEOPLE MADE IT POSSIBLE

THE VOLUNTEERS

Their organizations, officers and committees
as of December 31, 1973.

A Note of Explanation: The operations of Denver Botanic Gardens are vitally
dependent on the Volunteers who give so much in dedicated work and priceless
time to this organization. Their loyalty is highly valued. In recent years we have
had, in the Annual Report, extensive lists of Volunteers. Now we have realized
that we cannot recognize them all (over 350 joined efforts on the Plant Sale
alone). Many loyal workers were missed on our lists, and it would be impossible
to include every name in our limited space. For 1973 we are listing only the
officers of the four service organizations that serve the Gardens, leaders of their
sub-committee activities for Denver Botanic Gardens, and members of the
standing committees who serve subject to the wishes of the Board of Trustees.
ALL volunteers are essential to the successful functioning of the Gardens.

ASSOCIATES OF DENVER BOTANIC GARDENS

Mrs. Theodore B. Washburne.President

Mrs. H. S. Glick. Vice-President

Mrs. Anne Broad . Secretary

Mr. Charles Wilkins. Treasurer

Mrs. H. S. Glick.

Mrs. Phil Hayward . . . .

Conservatory Guides

. . . Scheduling Chairman
. Training Program

Mrs. Mary Secrest.

Gift Shop Committee

. Chairman

Miss Mary Jacobson . . .

Hostess and Information

. Chairman

23

PEOPLE MADE IT POSSIBLE

AROUND THE SEASONS CLUB

Mrs. H. S. Glick.President

Mrs. Campbell Robertson. Vice-President

Mrs. R. V. Watson . Secretary

Mrs. Myron Nixon . Treasurer

Mrs. Ray Turnure.Autumn Harvest

DENVER BOTANIC GARDENS GUILD

Mrs. Field C. Benton..

Mrs. Robert Whealen.

Mrs. T. W. Wrenn, Jr.

Mrs. Hugh K. Baude .

Terrace and Garden Tours

Mrs. Richard Talbott.

. . . President
Vice-President
. . Secretary
. . Treasurer

Chairman

GARDEN CLUB OF DENVER

Mrs. J. Kenneth Malo .

Mrs. Richard A. Kirk.

Mrs. George M. Hopfenbeck, Jr.

Mrs. John Fleming Kelly.

.President

. Vice-President

. . Recording Secretary
Corresponding Secretary

Lobby Court Committee

Mrs. Donald C. Campbell.

Chairman

COMMITTEES
Annual Dinner

Mrs. Norman Patrick.Chairman

Children’s Garden

Mrs. Jane Denton
Dr. John R. Durrance
Mrs. Giles Filley

Mrs. James Layden.Chairman

Dr. A. C. Hildreth
Mrs. John Vittetoe
Mrs. James J. Waring

24

Development and Public Relations

Mr. Alexander L. Kirkpatrick

Mrs. John Brooks, Jr.

Mr. George M. Canon
Mr. Richard A. Kirk
Mrs. Howard Rea

.. Chairman

Mrs. Johnston R. Livingston
Mrs. Norman Patrick
Mrs. J. V. Petersen
Mrs. William Stanley

Mrs. Walter B. Ash
Mrs. Paul Bloustein
Mrs. William H. Crisp
Mrs. Phil Hayward
Dr. A. C. Hildreth

Editorial

Mrs. J. V. Petersen . . .

Chairman

Mrs. Robert M. Kosanke
Frances Novitt
Dr. Moras L. Shubert
Pauline Roberts Steele
Dr. Helen Marsh Zeiner

Mr. Wes Woodward

Herbarium

Dr. Helen Marsh Zeiner.Chairman

Mrs. Walter B. Ash Mrs. Marjorie Shepherd

Mrs. Calvin Fisher Mrs. F. Richard Yeatts

Horticultural Advisory

Mr. Kenneth G. Wilmore.Chairman

Mr. Alfred J. Bromfield Mr. Chris Moritz

Dr. John R. Durrance Mrs. Jane Silverstein Reis

Mr. Harley G. Higbie, Jr. Dr. Moras L. Shubert

Dr. A. C. Hildreth Mr. Harry Swift

Mr. John C. Mitchell Mr. Larry Watson

Library

Mrs. Gordon Hollis, Jr.Chairman

Mrs. John Falkenberg Ruth Johnson

Rachael Hauck Peg Milroy

Dr. A. C. Hildreth Mr. Henry J. Shearouse

Mrs. Bruce Jackson Mrs. James White

Lucy Crissey Geneva Eldridge

Plant Sale

Mrs. John Falkenberg.General Chairman

Mrs. Field Benton. Co-Chairman

25

Succulents in the

LOBBY COURT DISPLAY

Crassula

arborescens

No matter what else the visitor to
Denver Botanic Gardens may see, he is
sure to look at, and be impressed by, the
show of plants that greets him as he
enters the Boettcher complex.

The Lobby Court display, designed
and installed by the Botanic Gardens
Greenhouse staff, has been supported by
the Lobby Court Committee of Garden
Club of Denver.

When the snow blows and all outdoors
is a frosty white devoid of greenness and
plant life, the Lobby Court becomes a
southern vista of dry country succulents,
warming the viewer like a trip to Mexico.

Now, a descriptive sign, next to the
display, provides authoritative informa¬
tion on the plants apparently growing out
of the sand at poolside.

The winter display, in place this year
from January to March, features
succulents, specifically Euphorbiaceae
They are not cacti, as the lobby sign will
tell you, although many of them are
similar in appearance to the cacti. They
are mostly natives of Africa with some
10% coming from Mexico and South
America.

A few of these plants, other succu¬
lents, and some cacti, that have been
displayed at times, are illustrated here.
The pictures are by David A. Blades,
Assistant Conservatory Superintendent.

Oreocereus

trolli

The winter
display as
seen from
the entrance.

26

Sedum

morganianum

Aeonium haworthi

27

Astrophytum ornatum

LOBBY COURT DISPLAY

Die frieze on the wall behind the water¬
fall portrays “Rima ” - the bird girl in the
W. H. Hudson novel ‘‘Green Mansions. ”
The sculpture is by Edgar Britton

PEOPLE MADE IT POSSIBLE

Beverly Nilson, Botanist-Horticulturist, at
the Denver Botanic Gardens' Hawaiian
Garden display, 1973 Colorado Garden
and Home Show, Denver.

28

Membership Roster

DENVER BOTANIC GARDENS

(As of Dec. 31, 1973)

Abbot, Mrs. C. B.

Abegg, Chenia A., Jr.

Abelow, Irene J.

Abrahams, Mr. & Mrs. Richard
Abramovitz, Mrs. Frances K.
Ackerman, Leona N.
Ackerman, Mrs. Theron L.
Adams, Mrs. J. Loren
Adams, Mrs. Louise W.

Adams, Miss Marjorie
Ahrens, Mr. Thomas P.
Aikawa, Mrs. J. K.

Aitken, Mrs. L. L.

Alberg, Mrs. G. W.

Alder, John

Aldridge, Mrs. Richard D.
Alexander, Mr. & Mrs. Bruce
Alexander, Mrs. Marion I.
Alexander, P. K., Jr.

Allen, Douglas
Allen, Mrs. James W.

Allen, Mrs. John T., Jr.
Almquist, Mrs. C. A.

Altvater, Mrs. F. V.

Ambler, Mrs. John
Amer, Manette
Ammons, Mrs. Davis
Andersen, Jerry
Anderson, Mr. & Mrs. Keith
Anderson, Marilyn B.
Anderson, Mrs. Paul
Anderson, Mrs. Truman E.
Andrews, Mr. & Mrs. E. Wm.
Andrews, Mrs. M. Richard
Anschicks, Mrs. R.

Anschutz, Mrs. Philip
Apodaca, Louise
Apodaca, Mrs. Petra
Appell, A. Gordon
Applewood Seed Co.

April, Mrs. Elizabeth M.

Archer, Mrs. Philip G.

Archer, Roy
Armstrong, Mrs. J. L.

Arndt, Dr. Karl

Arneill, Dr. & Mrs. James R., Jr.
Arnold, Mrs. C. O.

Arnold, Elizabeth Q.

Around the Seasons Club
Arps, Louisa Ward
Ash, Mr. & Mrs. Walter B.
Ashworth, Mrs. Margaret I.
Aspinwall, Mr. & Mrs. Wm. V.
Atchison, Mr. A. P.

Athey, Mrs. C. R., Jr.

Aurora Public Library
Austin, Miss Billie C.

Austin, Mrs. J. E.

Austin, Peggie

Axley, Mr. & Mrs. Hartman

Babcock, Mrs. Bradford N.
Bachman, Betty
Bacon, Mrs. Patricia
Bagley, Miss Alice
Bailey, Mrs. Richard H.

Baily, Mr. & Mrs. Jesse S.

Bain, Mrs. Donald K.

Bain, Mrs. Francis M.

Baird, Mrs. R. N.

Baker, Mr. Chas. A.

Baker, Mr. Clovis G.

Baldner, Lindsay
Ballentine, Elizabeth M.

Ballweg, Margaret
Bane, Mrs. Wm. N.

Banks, Esther L.

Barbe, Mrs. Hubert L.

Barbera, Mrs. John
Barbour, Mrs. Robert T.

Barcheuger, Mr. & Mrs. W. George
Barker, R. A.

Barkley, Mrs. R. A.

Barnard, Dr. H. I.

Barnard, Mr. Rollin D.

Barncle, Marilynne
Barnes, Mr. & Mrs. John S.
Barnett, Mr. & Mrs. Douglas E.
Barnhart, Mrs. Woodson
Barnwell, M. Jones
Barone, Mr. Charles P.

Barron, Mrs. Arch
Barsis, Albrecht P.

Barsotti, David
Bartels, Mr. & Mrs. John
Barton, Dr. & Mrs. M. D.

Bast, Susan
Batchelder, Patrick D.

Bates, Sybil D.

Baude, Mrs. Hugh K.

Bauer, Mr. Max

Bauman, Mr. & Mrs. Earl W.

Baxter, Mr. Junius F.

Beals, Miss Cheryl
Beam, Mrs. Orville
Beardsley, Mrs. H. H.

Beatty, Mr. & Mrs. Stephen W.
Bechtold, Mrs. Lemoine J.

Becker, Mrs. H. C.

Becker, Mrs. R. C.

Becker, Ralph W.

Becker, Mr. Ralph J.

Bedore, Leona G.

Behrent, Mrs. Robert V.
Beidleman, Dr. Richard G.

Bekins, Mrs. Barry
Benedetti, Mr. & Mrs. Walter
Benjamin, Hertha F.

Bennett, Mr. & Mrs. Mark F.
Bennett, Mrs. Melba R.

29

Benton, Mr. & Mrs. A. E.

Benton, Mrs. Field C.

Berend, Arlene M.

Berg, Mrs. R. Peter
Berge, Mr. William G.

Bergkamp, Mrs. Harold E.

Berk, Mrs. Leonard
Berman, Mr. Harry
Bermingham, John R.

Best, Mrs. Imogene Spencer
Betcone, Barbara
Betterley, Donald Alan
Bigelow, Mrs. Eugene V.
Birkenmayer, Mrs. A. B.

Birrell, Mr. & Mrs. James R.
Bishop, Mr. & Mrs. K. M.

Bishop, Marcia
Bivans, Miss Margaret
Black, Mr. & Mrs. Andrews D.
Black, Nancy J.

Black, Mrs. Stephen L.

Black, Dr. & Mrs. Wm. C.
Blackwell, Mrs. Lyman
Blades, Mrs. Shirley
Blandford, Dr. & Mrs. S. E.
Blaney, Dr. L. F.

Bloom, Joy

Bloustein, Dr. & Mrs. Paul A.
Bobal, Anne T.

Bock, Dr. Jane H.

Bock, Mr. & Mrs. Paul K.
Bockman, Harlan
Boettner, Mrs. J. L.

Boggess, Mrs. Scott
Boley, Mrs. Darrell
Boline, Mrs. E. A.

Bolle, Mr. Edward E.

Bolton, Mrs. Harry B.

Bonnie, Mrs. A. G.

Booth, Charles H.

Bossert, Meredith Ann
Bosworth, Mrs. Alice C.

Bosworth, Richard H.

Bosworth, Mrs. Robert G.

Borgen, Mrs. Bjorn K.

Bottorff, Richard L.

Bouck, Miss Polly
Boulder Garden Club
Bowers, Mr. & Mrs. Charles L., Jr.
Bowers, Miss Eva F.

Bowes, Mrs. Watson
Boyd, Mrs. Gary D.

Boye, Julie

Boyer, Mrs. Barbara S.

Boyle, Dr. & Mrs. Richard E.
Brace, Mr. & Mrs. Robert
Braden, Mrs. John W.

Bradberry, Becky
Bradford, Mrs. Wm. E.

Bradley, Mr. & Mrs. Vester C., Jr.
Bradshaw, Wanda
Bramley, Mrs. Howard
Brault, Patricia Burk
Brennan, Mr. M. G.

Brewer, Ericka
Brewster, Mrs. Rodman P.

Bridges, Dr. James H.

Bridges, Nancy
Bridges, Wm. G.

Briesemeister, Ethel
Brink, Dr. Kenneth M.

Brock, Mrs. Loring

Brock, Mrs. Sidney L., Jr.
Brock, Mrs. Wadsworth
Brodie, Mrs. Joan
Brogan, Louise J.

Bromfield, Mr. A. J.
Bromfield, Mrs. Helen P.
Bromfield, Mrs. Lawrence
Bromfield, Mrs. M. C.

Brooks, Mrs. John, Jr.

Brooks, Mr. Max G.

Brooks, Rodra Lee
Broughton, Mrs. Joseph
Brower, Virginia R.

Brown, Mrs. Alden H.

Brown, Mr. C. A.

Brown, Charles Alex
Brown, Mrs. Catherine G.
Brown, Mrs. Donald F.

Brown, Mrs. F. O.

Brown, Mrs. Gilbert
Brown, John S., Ill
Brown, Mrs. Keith L.

Brown, Mrs. Mackintosh
Brown, Mr. & Mrs. Richard P.
Brown, Mrs. Ruth H.

Brown, Dr. William R.
Bruderlin, Mr. Emil J.

Bruhn, Mr. & Mrs. Herbert A.
Brunkhorst, Mr. H. J.
Brunquist, Dr. E. H.

Brunson, Thayer
Bryans, Mr. & Mrs. David M.
Bryant, Mr. Bruce
Buch, Mrs. Walter E.
Buchanan, Kathy
Bucher, Mrs. Lawrence H.
Buck, Mr. & Mrs. Arnold F.
Buck, Douglas
Buckels, Mr. Marvin W.
Bucknam, Robert C.

Burchett, Mrs. Audrey M.
Burck, Michael William
Burdick, Mr. & Mrs. Duncan
Burgess, Mrs. Ralph
Burket, Mrs. J. Warren, Sr.
Burkhard, Elmer L.

Burkhardt, Thomas A.
Burkhardt, Mrs. William
Burnett, Mr. Emery
Burnkrant, Richard A.

Burns, Mr. & Mrs. Franklin
Burns, Mr. & Mrs. Hugh
Burson, Dr. & Mrs. Curtis E.
Burt, Mrs. Harvey A.

Busch, Kathleen
Buschman, R. G.

Butler, Mr. & Mrs. David
Butler, Mrs. David
Butts, Mrs. John

Calkins, Mrs. Bradley H.
Callender, Mr. James M.
Callender, Dr. & Mrs. R. Sam
Calloway, Mrs. Roy E.

Calvert, Mrs. F. W.

Camp, Richard A.

Campbell, Mrs. Donald C.
Campbell, William A., M.D.
Cann, Mrs. John R.

Cannon, Mrs. Brown W.
Cannon, Mrs. George R.
Canon, Mr. & Mrs. George M.

Cantor, Ms. Susana
Caperton, Mr. Harry O.

Carlson, Mrs. Delbert L.

Carlson, Mr.Jim
Carlson, Sue
Carlson, Mrs. W. W.

Carmeny, Miss Lily V.

Carney, Mrs. J. G.

Carollo, Mrs. Jim
Carpenter, Mrs. Farrington
Carpenter, Joseph F.

Carpenter, Mrs. Virginia K.

Carr, Mr. & Mrs. Thomas L.
Carroll, Mrs. J. V.

Carson, Mr. & Mrs. J. Nevin
Carson, Mrs. Thomas J.

Carswell, Frances G.

Caruthers, Dr. & Mrs. Samuel B.
Cary, Mrs. Ward E.

Case, George Thomas
Casey, Mr. & Mrs. George S.
Caulkins, Mr. & Mrs. George P., J
Casey, Mr. & Mrs. Michael B.
Castillo, C. Edward
Cavelli, Nora
Cedars, Chester M.

Chambers, Kaye
Chamlee, Jay

Champion, Audrey Trammell
Chandler, Dr. Earl
Chandler, Polly
Chang, Gloria
Chapman, Mrs. Thomas
Chappell, Mrs. Pierre
Chaput, Arthur F.

The Walter S. Cheesman Realty C
Charsky, Mrs. Louis
Cheever, Mr. & Mrs. Richard W.
Cherington, Dr. & Mrs. Michael
Cheris, Samuel & Judith
Cherne, Mrs. Howard R.

Cherry Hills Hts. Garden Club
Cherry Point Garden Club
Chester, Mrs. Miriam
Chilcote, Katherine V.

Child, Dean H.

Childs, Mrs. S. B., Jr.

Chimunas, Mrs. Raymonde
Choitz, Mrs. Marcel P.
Christensen, Mrs. C. J.
Christenson, Mrs. D. L.

Christy, Mrs. Gary
Ciancio, Joe, Jr.

Clagett, Mrs. Ellen
Claiborne, Ralph
Clark, L. Donovan
Clark, William W.

Clawson, Mr. & Mrs. Robert M.
Clayton, Mrs. Glenn, Sr.

Clayton, Mrs. Mack L.

Clements, Ellis C.

Clements, Ruby M.

Click, Mrs. L. D.

Gifford, Mrs. William
Gine, Mr. Everett L.

Ginton, Robert
Gose, David

Gose, Mr. & Mrs. Edward B.
Gose, Mrs. Harland T.

Gupf, Mrs. Harlan E.

Cody, Mrs. Edward L.

Coe, John Clark

30

A1 Cohen Construction Co.

Cohen, Mrs. Betty
Cohen, Mrs. Harvey
Cohen, Mrs. M. C.

Cohen, Mrs. Robert
Cohn, Mrs. Samuel C.
j Cole, Mrs. Harrison W.

Cole, Mrs. Thomas H.

Collier, Mr. T. R.

I Collins, Mr. & Mrs. Dabney Otis
Collins, Lynda B.

Collins, Mrs. William R.

Collister, Mrs. Wm. B.

Colorado Cactophiles

Colo. Fed. of Garden Clubs, Inc.

Colo. Gladiolus Society
Colson, Miriam

Columbine Garden Club of Buena Vista
Community College of Denver
Community Services CCD-Auraria
Comstock, Mr. & Mrs. Steven H.

Cone, Lt. Col. & Mrs. Leo F.

Congdon, Edwin A.

Congdon, Mr. & Mrs. Thomas E.
Connole, Mrs. T.

Connor, Mr. & Mrs. Jon J.

Connors, Mr. Edward P.

Conover, Mrs. Frederic K., II
Conover, Irving A.

Cook, Mr. Allen L.

Cook, Mrs. Edward O.

Cook, Mr. Fred L.

Cook, Mrs. J. R.

Cook, Lois Lorton
Cook, Mrs. Mildred
Cook, Sally

Cook, Mr. & Mrs. Wm. L.

Cooley, Julie & Mike
Coombs, Mrs. Garth
Cooper, Mr. & Mrs. Benjamin E.
Cooper, Mrs. Richard H.

Cooper, Sandee
Coors, Mrs. Adolph, III
Coors, Mrs. Geraldine J.

Coreno, Tom J.

Correll, Lucia
Corsey, Enid
Cosgriff, Mrs. T. A.

Cowan, Robert Brice, Jr., M-D-
Cowles, Virginia
Cox, James C.

Cox, Joy W.

Cox, Mrs. Philip G.

Coyle, Mrs. Sam D.

Craddock, Jean
Crain, Mrs. Richard P.

Cranmer, Mr. & Mrs. George
Crawford, Miss Caroline
Creighton, Mrs. Thomas E.

Crestmoor Mile High Gardeners
Crisp, Mrs. Katharine B.

Crissey, Miss Lucy M.

Crocker, Connie
Crooks, Mr. & Mrs. N. P.

Cross, Gwendolyn E.

Crow, Alan
Cullen, Mrs. Gerald B.

Culver, Mrs. Donald M.

Cunningham, Dr. & Mrs. T. D.

Currier, Mrs. Laurence
Curry, Mrs. Eleanor M.

Cusic, Marian K.

Cusick, Mrs. Carolyn
Cutright, Roxine S.

Dahlberg, Mrs. William W.

Dalton, Mr. & Mrs. Bruce
Daly, Mr. & Mrs. Clarence J.
Daniel, Lawrence E. & Lillian V.
Daraghy, Albert
Daraghy, Judy
Darby, Mr. & Mrs. Paul T.
Davidson, Leila Webb
Davidson, Mrs. S. Mark
Davies, Leonard E.

Davis, Mrs. Allen H.

Davis, Mrs. C. Earl
Davis, Mr. & Mrs. J. S.

Davis, Mrs. John C., Ill
Davis, Mrs. Mary Lou
Davis, Mr. & Mrs. Marvin
Davis, Mel W.

Davis, Nelson H.

Davis, Mr. & Mrs. Richard M.
Davis, Mrs. Robert L.

Davis, Tessa & Alan
Davis, Mrs. Vernon R.

Davis, Dr. & Mrs. W. Grayburn
Davis, Mrs. William
Davison, Mr. & Mrs. Robt. P.
Dawson, Edgar E.

Deane, Mr. Richard L.

Deason, Mrs. Joe D.

Decker, Mr. & Mrs. Martin G.
Decker, Mrs. Ross E.

Deering, Mr. Fred A.

Delaney, Mrs. James
Deline, Anne
DeLong, Sara S.

DeMaree, Mrs. Betty
Dennett, Joann T.

Denny, Richard

Denver Forestry & Landscape Co.
Denver Wholesale Florists
DePaulo, James A.

DeTuerk, Mrs. Paul R.

DiCarlo, Robert H.

Dienstbach, Mrs. I. M.

Dieter, Mr. & Mrs. Walter W.
Dieterich, Kathryn
Dietler, Mr. Cortlandt S.

Diggs, Mrs. Marshall R., Jr.

Dilatush, Tisha

Dines, Mrs. Eugene, Sr.

Dings, McClelland G.

Diss, Mrs. Alexandra G.

Division D - Civic Garden Club
Dixon, Mrs. John H.

The Dobbins Foundation
Dobbins, Mr. & Mrs. Cris
Dobbins, Mr. Kit
Dobbs, Mrs. Finis E.

Dodge, Mr. & Mrs. Donald D.
Dodge, Harry W., Jr.

Dodson, A. F.

Dolan, Mrs. Joseph F.

Donsky, Marc A.

Dorn, Mrs. Clayton G.

Dorn, Myrl G.

Dorsey, Mrs. Montgomery
Doty, Mrs. L.

Doty, Mrs. Philip E.

Douglas, Mrs. Frederick H.

Downing, Mr. & Mrs. George L.
Downing, Mrs. Mary Jane
Downing, Mr. & Mrs. Richard, Jr.
Doyle, Mrs. Joe H.

Drage, Mr. Charles M.

Dragul, Mrs. Paul

Dreher, Wenzel F. & Mildred Mary
Dresen, Mary
Dubberly, Mrs. Agnes K.

Ducker, Mr. George A.

Dubofsky, Jean
Dudler, Mrs. Randolph M.

Duke, Mrs. H. Benjamin, Jr.
Dunlap, Mrs. Robert
Dunn, Sheila M.

Durrance, Dr. John R.

Dutton, Mrs. Roger W.

Duxbury, Mrs. Linda
Dyer, Candace L.

Dyer, E. H.

Dyer, Mrs. Jay

Eames, Mrs. Gladys G.

Earle, Mr. & Mrs. Paul L.

Earley, Dr. & Mrs. William R.
East, Mrs. Mary B.

Eastland, Mr. & Mrs. O., Jr.
Eber, Richard

Eberhardt, Mr. & Mrs. Ernest
Edison, Mrs. E. R.

Edwards, Bruce
Edwards, Mrs. Page
Edwards, Mr. & Mrs. William G.
Egan, Mr. & Mrs. E. D.

Egan, Dr. & Mrs. D. J.

Eiche, Mr. E. E.

Eiseman, Mrs. Ben
Eisenlohr, Wm. S., Jr.

Eisner, Edward F.

Elder, Dr. & Mrs. Robert D.
Eldridge, Geneva
Eldredge, Mrs. Patrick
Ellett, Mrs. Emerson S.

Ellis, Mrs. Catherine
Ellis, Elliot F.

Ellis, Mr. Erl H.

Elmquist, Fred N.

Emerson, Mrs. Edgar
Emery, Mrs. Philip W.
Englewood Public Library
Enoch, Judge & Mrs. David W.
Enos Mills Sierra Club
Ensor, Mary
Environmental Action
Epp, Mr. John G.

Erhard, Albert
Erickson, Mrs. Carl G.

Erickson, Carol
Erickson, Eleanor R.

Erickson, Miss Senja
Erisman, Mrs. R. Franklin
Esmiol, Mr. & Mrs. Morris A.
Ethell, Mrs. F. W.

Evans, Mrs. Doris J.

Evans, Miss Edith M.

Evans, Mr. & Mrs. John
Evans, Mr. & Mrs. John M.
Evans, Miss Katherine
Evans, Mrs. Richard F.

Ewing, Mr. & Mrs. R. A.

31

Fabozzi, Mrs. Frank D.

Fader, Gerald D.

Fagan, Vicki
Fahlberg, Mrs. G. A.

Fahlenkamp, Mr. & Mrs. LeRoy C.

Fahrney, Mrs. Dan

Fairfield, Mr. & Mrs. Robert J.

The Fairmount Cemetery Assn.
Falion, Mrs. William M., Ill
Falkenberg, Mr. & Mrs. John F.
Falkenberg, Mr. & Mrs. Wm.

Fall, Mrs. Richard C.

Fallieros, Zoe
Farris, John L.

Faust, Mrs. Louis S.

Faxon, Mrs. Virginia W.

Feinberg, Patricia F.

Feldman, Ann Louise
Felzien, Larry
Fender, Katherine A.

Fennell, Mrs. Robert H., Jr.
Fenner, Marion P.

Ferguson, Mr. Carlisle
Ferguson, Mrs. David
Ferguson, Mrs. John A.

Feucht, Dr. James R.

Filley, Dr. & Mrs. Giles F.

Fine, Mrs. Arthur L.

Fine, Mrs. Leonard
Fiori, Mrs. Robert F.

Fisher, Dr. & Mrs. Calvin
Fisher, Terry
Fitzgerald, Mrs.

Fitzsimmons, Mr. Fred
Fleming, Mrs. Gerald
Flick, Mrs. Bruce
Flint, Mr. & Mrs. R. H.

Florman, Mrs. Bode A.

Flynn, Nicholas J.

Folkestad, Mr. & Mrs. James B.
Folmer, Mrs. Henry
Forbes, Mr. & Mrs. Don
Forselius, Mrs. Randall A.

Forster, Mrs. A. J.

Fort Morgan Garden Club
Fortner, Mrs. Nancy
Fouts, Mrs. Mark H.

Fowler, Mrs. David A.

Fowler, Mary F.

Fox, Guy

Francis, Mrs. Gretchen
Frankhouse, John R.

Franson, Mr. & Mrs. Herbert

Fraser, Margaret L.

Freed, Dr. & Mrs. Charles G.
Freeman, Merle
Freer, Mrs. Mary F.

Freshman, Mrs. A. W.

Freyer, Mrs. Frank B., Jr.

Friendly Gardeners
Friesen, Edward H.

Fritts, Barbara M.

Fronczyk, Mr. & Mrs. Roy
Frost, Miss Mary C.

Frush, Mrs. Georgia K.

Fry, Mrs. F. A.

Fry, Miss Florence E.

Fukuma, George
Fuller, Carolyn A.

Fuller, Mrs. John W.

Fuller, Mr. & Mrs. Pierpont

Gale, W.

Gallavan, Patrick J.

Gambill, Dr. William G., Jr.
Gamble, Mrs. Bever
Gant, Wilma V.

Garascia, Charles P. & Mary Jo
Garcia, F.A., M.D.

Garden Club of Denver
Gardner, Mrs. Alfred W.

Garnsey, Georgia M.

Garrey, Mrs. George H.

Garstang, Mrs. Ann C.

Gary, Mr. & Mrs. Samuel
Gaskill, Mrs. S. W.

Gast, Mrs. Robert S.

Gates, Mrs. Caleb
Gates, Mrs. Harry F.

Gauden, Mary
Gauer, Fran L.

Gauger, G. G.

Gauss, Mrs. Elvia V.

Gaylord, Mrs. Bradley, Jr.
Gaylord, Mrs. Charles
Gebhard, Miss Minnie
Geddes, Mr. William J.

Genova, Mr. & Mrs. David
George, Mrs. Wm. D.

Georgetown Historical Society
Gergens, Mrs. L. D.

Gibson, Mr. & Mrs. George C.
Gibson, Mrs. Jess
Giere, Marsha J.

Gifford, Mr. Floyd
Gilbert, Mr. & Mrs. Richard K.
Gill, Mr. & Mrs. Lawrence H.
Gillenwater, Mr. & Mrs. David E.
Gilliom, Mrs. R. W.

Gillman, Lee & Linnea
Gittings, Mr. & Mrs. Richard S.
Givan, David Allen
Glasier, Mrs. M. M.

Glassburn, Dr. A. R., Jr.

Glazer, Sylvia
Glick, Mrs. Syd
Glynn, Mrs. Russell B.

Godbey, Rev. & Mrs. James E.
Goehring, Lewis
Goldberg, Mr. Charles
Goldman, Mr. & Mrs. Edward
Goldsby, Fred L.

Goldy, Mrs. H. Donald
Golub, Dr. & Mrs. Burton P.
Goodin, Phillip Eugene
Gooding, Mr. James A., Jr.
Gorce, Mr. & Mrs. Martin
Gordon, Mrs. Charles P.

Gordon, C. V.

Gorman, Mrs. Wm. A.

Goss, Eliot

Gottschalk, Dr. & Mrs. Robert
Graham, Mr. Robert S.

Grams, Mrs. Rita
Granata, Elaine
Granicher, Mrs. Donald I.

Grant, Mr. & Mrs. Charles
Grant, Diane R.

Grant, Janet

Grant, Mrs. William W.

Grant, Mrs. William W., Ill
Gray, Mrs. Richard E.

Green, Mr. & Mrs. Dudley
Green, Mrs. Florence

Green, Ms. Pamela
Greenberg, Mr. & Mrs. Marvin
Green Thumb Garden Club
Green Valley Turf Co.

Greim, Mr. Willard N.

Grey, Mrs. Schuyler E.

Griffith, Miss Mary C.

Griffith, Mr. & Mrs. W. G.
Griggsmiller, Mr. Neal
Grill, Leo F.

Grimes, Mr. & Mrs. David
Grimes, Mr. & Mrs. George L.
Grissom, Mrs. Garth
Griswold, Mrs. Lester E.

Gross, Mrs. Benjamin
Grossman, Dr. & Mrs. John A.
Grover, Dr. Robert F.

Grow, Dr. & Mrs. John B., Sr.
Grow, Dr. & Mrs. John B., Jr.
Guard, Dr. & Mrs. H. L.
Guilfoyle, E. J.

Gumeson, Mrs. Margaret
Gurian, Mr. & Mrs. Dan
Gurtler, Mrs. Arnold

Hackstaff, A. T.

Hackstaff, Mrs. J. Edward
Hada, Mr. & Mrs. Ted M.

Hagel, Fred W.

Hagemeister, Miss Jo Ann
Hagener, Lou W.

Hahn, Lona F.

Haile, Mrs. J. K.

Haines, Mrs. Wm. M., Jr.

Hale, Niki

Haley, Mr. O. Ben, Jr.

Hall, Mrs. Laurence B.

Hal penny, Ruth W.

Halpin, Mrs. Stephen J.

Hames, Mr. & Mrs. Eugene S.
Hamilton, Mrs. Frederic C.
Hamilton, Helen M.

Handley, Mrs. John
Hanley, Mrs. Mary A.

Hanlon, R. J.

Hannigan, Mr. R. S.

Hanselman, Mr. & Mrs. Richard V
Hansen, Mr. & Mrs. Claude B.
Hanson, Bruce G.

Hanson, Lynn S.

Hanson, Virginia D.

Hanson, Walter E.

Hardin, Mrs. Sam B.

Hardy, Mr. & Mrs. James W.
Hargreaves, Col. R. B.

Harjo, Patty Leah
Harker, Mrs. John R.

Harlan, Mr. & Mrs. Donald L.
Harlan, Mrs. Homer S.

Harley, Mr. Wynne
Harper, Mrs. Fred
Harper, Mr. & Mrs. Jene P.

Harr, Sally

Harrington, Mrs. Martin J.

Harris, Ernestine
Harris, Mrs. J. A.

Harris, Mr. & Mrs. J. Ramsay
Harris, Madeleine M.

Harris, Mr. & Mrs. R. L.

Harris, Mrs. Wilma C.

Harrison, Mrs. Charles
HarrisQn, Mrs. R. J.

32

Harrison, Sydney P. & Lois K.
Hart, Mrs. John L. J.

Hartman, R. E.

Haskell, Mrs. Charles A.

Hassrick, Mr. & Mrs. Royal B.
Hatch, Gladys J.

Hatcher, Mrs. Hugh
Hauck, Earl & Patricia
Hausmann, Dr. Gertrude
Hawkins, Mr. & Mrs. Horace N.
Hawkins, Ruth
Hawthorne, Rowland
Hay, Judith E.

Haydon, Mrs. George W.

Hayes, Kenneth & Glenda
Hayna, Lois B.

Hays, Mrs. William H.

Hayward, Glenn C.

Hayward, Mrs. Phil
Hazen, Mrs. Wayne C.

Heacock, Mrs. Mary Ann
Heath, Irving S.

Hedges, C. F.

Hegner, Susan A.

Heidtbrink, Ed
Heins, Alison
Heinz, Danny
Heinz, David
Heise, Howard A.

Heitzmann, R.

Heller, Saundra
Hemmingsen, Helen
Henderson, Mrs. Clair G.
Henderson, Mrs. Helen
Hendy, Mr. & Mrs. Wm. J.
Henke, Charles F.

Hennessey, Mr. & Mrs. R.

Henry, Mrs. Hubert D.
Herberger, Mr. & Mrs. John E.
Herberger, Mr. & Mrs. Joseph T.
Herbert, Mrs. Thomas G.
Herfurth, Mr. & Mrs. Carl E.
Herman, Mrs. Robert H.
Hermann, Dr. & Mrs. Gilbert
Herring, Mrs. Carrie
Herrington, Mrs. Cass M.
Hershner, Mr. John D.

Hess, Alma Jean
Hewett, Mrs. Ed
Hewitt, Mrs. Edward R.

Hicks, Mrs. S. Nelson
Hieronymas, Mrs. R. E.

Higbie, Harley G., Jr.

Highland, Mr. & Mrs. Sam
Hildreth, Dr. A. C.

Hill, Mr. & Mrs. O. A.

Hill, W. J. & Karen A.

Hill, Mrs. W. J.

Hillcrest Garden Forum
Hilliard, Mrs. E. H., Jr.

Hillyard, Mr. & Mrs. Gerald R.
Hindman, Elizabeth Ann
Hiner, Mr. Arthur W., Jr.

Hiner, Mrs. A. W., Ill
Hines, Mr. C. Leigh
Hirst, William L.

Hoch, Dr. & Mrs. P. C.

Hodges, Mrs. Joseph G.

Hoefer, Nancy
Hofen, Mr. Russell
Hoffer, John Howard
Hoffman, William

Hofsess, Patty
Hogsett, Mrs. V. H.

Holland, Mrs. Josiah G.

Holland, Mrs. William Y.

Hollander, Adele
Hollendorfer, Fred & Cathy
Hollis, Mrs. Gordon
Hollister, Mrs. Elizabeth
Holman, Erwin W.

Holme, Mr. & Mrs. Peter H., Jr.
Holmes, Lelle M.

Holt, Mr. & Mrs. Brian E.

Holt, Jean M.

Holt, Mr. M. B., Jr.

Holtz, Esther A.

Holyoke, Dr. John B.

Home Garden Club of Denver, Inc.
Honnen, Mrs. Ed H.

Honnen, Joanne C.

Hopfenbeck, Mrs. George
Horn, Mrs. Sylvester C.

Hornbecker, Jeffery C.

Hornbein, Mr. Victor
Hornby, Mrs. William
Horsley, Mrs. Howard T.

Horstman, Mrs. Florence M.
Horticultural Arts Society
Horton, Mr. E. B., Jr.

Horton, Mr. & Mrs. Terrance L.
House, Charles
Hovland, Mr. & Mrs. Roger
Hosier, Dr. Allan M.

Hovland, Mrs. Kenneth R.

Howard, Mr. & Mrs. Thomas L., Jr.
Howe, Mrs. David
Howe, Dorothy L.

Howe, Ray
Howell, Mrs. Ira
Howell, T. A.

Hoyt, Mrs. J. Mitchell
Hubman, Mrs. Helen R.

Hudgins, Mrs. Reba
Hudson, Deatt
Hulac, Dr. Peter
Hulbert, Mrs. Ralph W.

Huling, Di M.

Hummel’s Cherry Creek Delicatessen
Humphrey, Mrs. Ernest W.

Hunt, Miss Catherine L.

Hunt, Mrs. Madison
Huntzicker, Mrs. Paul
Hurrel, Mrs. Vernon
Hussey, Mrs. K. L.

Huston, Mrs. T. S.

Hyatt, Dr. & Mrs. David E.

Hyde, Miss Beverly J.

Hyde, Miss Shirley J.

Hyland, Mrs. N. W.

Iacoponelli, Mr. & Mrs. John
Ikebana International
Iliff, Mr. & Mrs. Wm. S., Jr.

Impson, Mr. & Mrs. Robert L.

Lnglis, Mr. & Mrs. Richard R.
Intemann, Mr. H. Luther
Inverness Nurseries
Ireson, Mrs. Bert
Irving, Mr. John W.

Jackson, Mr. & Mrs. Jack E.

Jackson, Nancy

Jackson, Mrs. William C., Jr.
Jackson, Mrs. William S.
Jacques, Miss Sharon
Jacober, Mrs. Gordon
Jacobi, Barbara M.

Jacobson, Laura E.

Jacobson, Mary
Jaeckel, Mrs. Margaret L.
James, Mr. & Mrs. Colin
James, Mr. & Mrs. Stewart B.
Jansen, Mr. Donald E.

Jarvis, Wm. B., Jr.

Jelstrup, Mrs. Gunnar
Jenkins, Barbara A.

Jenkins, Miss Elsie M.

Jennings, Wm. F. & Susan D.
Jensen, Mrs. Norman K.
Johnson, Mrs. Arthur E.
Johnson, Byron E.

Johnson, Mr. Carl S.

Johnson, Donald E.

Johnson, Mr. Edgar A.

Johnson, Dr. & Mrs. Edward S.
Johnson, Dr. & Mrs. Ernest
Johnson, Mrs. George H.
Johnson, Gerald C. & Margo L.
Johnson, Gina
Johnson, Mrs. James H.
Johnson, Janis M.

Johnson, Mrs. L. L.

Johnson, Mrs. Raymond W.
Johnson, Richard A.

Johnson, Ross B.

Johnson, Ruth M.

Johnson, Mrs. Shirley A., Jr.
Johnson, Mr. & Mrs. Wilfred
Jonas, Mrs. Thomas W.

Jones, Mrs. Alice Jameson
Jones, Mrs. Gerald
Jones, Mrs. Guilford
Jones, Mr. & Mrs. Herbert I.
Jones, Mrs. James D.

Jones, Mrs. Marion F.

Jones, Mr. & Mrs. Philip M.
Jones, Mr. & Mrs. Rex
Jones, Mrs. Thomas F.

Jordan, Mr. Charles
Jordan, Mr. & Mrs. John A.
Jordan, Mrs. T. N.

Jorgensen, Carl J. C.

Judish, Mr. Frank
Jump, Mrs. Lawrence
Justice, Frank

Kahn, Mrs. Alan
Kaldahl, Mrs. Wayne B.

Kail, Mrs. George
Kalmbach, Olin
Kamischke, Mrs. K. C.

Kaplan, Dr. & Mrs. Max

Karasek, Laurence

Kassanchuk, Julia

Kassler, Mr. & Mrs. Edwin S., Jr.

Kast, Mrs. Howard

Kates, Elaine

Katz, Dr. & Mrs. Seymour
Kaye, Mrs. Anne N.

Keenan, Mrs. J. E.

Keiper, Dr. Ralph & Nan
Keller, Mary Jo

33

Keller, Wendell
Kellogg, Jean W.

Kellogg, Mrs. Lon H.

Kelly, Mrs. Carl M.

Kelly, Mr. & Mrs. George G.

Kelly, Mrs. George J.

Kelly, Mrs. Harry J., Jr.

Kelly, Mr. & Mrs. John Fleming
Kemp, Mr. & Mrs. Frank, Jr.
Kenmore, Mrs. George
Kennedy, Mrs. Berneas E.

Kennedy, Mrs. M. G.

Kennedy, Mr. & Mrs. Robert M.
Kennedy, Sally Lewis
Kenner, Mrs. Carl L.

Kenney, Mrs. W. M.

Kennon, Miss Anne Byrd
Keppelmann, Mr. Frank A.

Kepler, Heidi G.

Kerr, Mrs. John G.

Kesselman, Mrs. Fern
Kessler, Mr. Gerald F.

Kessler, Mrs. Robert
Kidston, Caird G.

Kiesling, Mr. & Mrs. Paul
Kimble, Gregory A.

Kimsey, Ezell & Jean

Kindelsperger, Dr. & Mrs. Kenneth W.

King, Mrs. Frank

King, Mr. & Mrs. Harold Taft

King, Mr. Kenneth K.

King, Margaret L.

Kingery, Mrs. H. M.

Kinghorn, Glenn
Kirchen, Harold W.

Kirchof, Mrs. F. J.

Kirk, Mr. & Mrs. Richard A.

Kirkley, Dr. W. L.

Kirkpatrick, Mr. & Mrs. Alexander L.
Kirkwood, Hortense S.

Kissinger, Frank
Kistler, Mrs. Erie O.

Kistler, Mrs. William H.

Kline, Wilhelmina S.

Klinger, Mr. & Mrs. Bruno
Klite, Paul D. & Nancy G.

Klodt, Frances L.

Kloeppner, Mr. & Mrs. Del Roy
Knight, Donald G.

Knight, Mrs. F. P.

Knochel, George & Maria
Knospe, Michael D.

Knowles, Mrs. Thomas B.

Kobayashi, T. K., M.D.

Koch, Mrs. Walter K.

Koehler, Mrs. John G.

Kohnfelder, Mrs. Dorothy
Korbel, John R.

Kornfeld, Edwin H.

Korson, Tom & Mary
Korsoski, Charles
Kosanke, Dr. & Mrs. Robert M.
Kosmicki, Dr. & Mrs. Patrick W.
Kostelny, Mr. & Mrs. Rudolph
Kowalsky, Mr. & Mrs. Donald M.
Krakover, Mrs. Elaine & Family
Kramer, Mrs. Floyd W.

Krantzler, Rabbi & Mrs. Harold I.
Kreider, Elizabeth
Krenetsky, John C.

Kretschmer, Mrs. Franz
Kreuger, Mrs. C. F.

Kritzer, Herbert, M.D.

Krohn, Mr. David H.

Kropf, Mr. & Mrs. Robert
Kruesi, Mr. & Mrs. Paul R.
Kubo, Dr. & Mrs. Ralph T.
Kuehner, Mrs. Jon
Kuenz, Mr. & Mrs. Frank
Kuesel, Harry B.

Kugeler, Mrs. Henry
Kullgren, Mr. Elwood M.
Kunde, Mrs. Frank J.

Kunkely, Mrs. Anna
Kusic, John B. & Ann S.

LaBay, James M.

Lacher, Mr. & Mrs. John R.
LaFavor, Miss Dorothy
Lafayette Public Library
Lahr, Ross V.

Lakewood Greenhouse

& Nursery Co., Inc.
Lamb, Mrs. Jonathan R.
Lambert, Carol M.

Land, Mrs. Walter
Lande, Mrs. Norma
Lane, Mrs. Gerald A.

Lane, Mrs. R. E.

Lange, Mrs. Wells
Langland, Barbara
Lanius, Mrs. Baxter
Lankhorst, Dave
Lanoha, Patricia M.

Lantz, Mrs. Ben K.

Lantz, Mr. & Mrs. John N.
Lantz, Louis D.

Lapin, Mr. & Mrs. James
LaPrade, Miss Patsy
Larkin, Mrs. Fred
Larrick, Mrs. Louise G.

Larsen, Dann
Larsen, Mrs. Donald
Larsen, Mrs. Henry L.

Larson, Mr. & Mrs. Owen
Larson, Mrs. Stanley L.

Larwill, Dorothy P.

Lassich, Mr. Frank
Latham, Harriet J.

LaTourrette, Mrs. V. G.

Latta, Larry D.

Laue, Mrs. George R.

Laurence, Bonnie
Lawrence, Mr. & Mrs. David
Lawrence, Mr. & Mrs. David R.
Lawton, Miss Hazel
Layman, B. Kathleen
Layton, Mr. & Mrs. Frank
Layman, Larry
Learned, Mrs. Clyde E.

Leder, Dr. & Mrs. Max
Lederer, Mary

Lederer, Dr. & Mrs. Robert L.
Lee, Mrs. C. Gordon
Lee, Mrs. Herbert
Lehman, Mrs. John F.

Lehman, Mrs. Kathleen C.
Lehrburger, Dr. & Mrs. Henry
Leighty, Joyce H.

Leith, Mrs. Cecil E.

Lell, Mr. Alphonse
Lemelin, Ms. M. Joyce
Lenefsky, Mrs. M. H.

Leopold, Mrs. Harry, Jr.

Lesage, Mary Ellen
Lesher, Mrs. David J.

Lester, Mr. & Mrs. D. R.
Levene, Mr. & Mrs. Harold
Levy, Mrs. Edward
Levy, Mr. Jack H.

Levy, Marilyn
Lewin, Charles, M.D.

Lewis, Mrs. Evan L.

Lewis, Margaret
Liberacki, Mr. & Mrs. John
Lichtwardt, Mr. & Mrs. E. J.
Lichty, Mrs. Mary
Light, Shirley J.

Light, W. C.

Lilly, Mrs. Alonzo
Lilly, Mrs. John A.

Lindberg, Mrs. David
Lindblom, William E.

Linder, Walter H.

Lindsay, Mrs. Thomas
Linger, Mr. & Mrs. James R.
Little, Mrs. Joseph
Little, Lavina D.

Litty, Laura F.

Livingston, Mrs. Johnston R.
Llorens, Dr. Alfred S.

Lloyd, Mrs. Carl
Locketz, Barbara
Lockridge, Mrs. John
Lofton, Leona Glee
Loiseau, Mrs. Louis A.
Lokey, Mrs. Kenneth R.
Lombardi, Mrs. William
Long, Mr. & Mrs. Everett C.
Long, George A.

Long, Lawrence A.

Long, Mr. Lucian M.
Longcamp, Dr. John S.
Longley, Mr. Warren
Longman, Mr. John B.
Longpre, Dr. E. Keith
Lornell, Randi
Howard Lorton, Inc.

Lotito, Paul M.

Love, Mrs. John A.

Lowe, Corinne W.

Lowry, Dr. Hope
Lucking, Mr. William H.
Luedke, Lucille
Luelf, Lester

Luetzelschwab, Wayne E.
Luft, Mrs. Lois B.

Lund, Lawrence O., M.D.
Lunt, Mrs. John
Lupe, Mr. & Mrs. Robert D.
Lutz, Mrs. John S.

Lutz, Nancy
Lutze, Mrs. Donald
Lyford, Mrs. Richard T., Jr.
Lyons, Mrs. Donald H.

McAnulty, Dr. & Mrs. W. N., Jr.
McArthur, Grace E.

McBride, H. E.

McCabe, Mr. & Mrs. Frank
McCabe, Mr. & Mrs. John L.
McCarthy, J. W.

McCarthy, Mrs. LaVeda
McClearn, Mrs. Hugh J.

34

McClintock, Mrs. H. G.

McClure, Mrs. Carol J.

McClure, Dorothy B.

McConnell, Adeline
McCormick, Kathleen
McCoy, Mr. & Mrs. Janies E.
McCoy, Mrs. Richard
McDonald, Donald G.
McDonald, Mrs. Philip
McDuff, Mr. & Mrs. S. Jack
McFee, John G. or Patricia L.
McGary, Mrs. Francis
McGaughey, Mrs. R. B.

McGee, Charles J.

McGee, Mrs. Hugh
McGrath, Mr. & Mrs. Forrest E.
McGuire, Dr. & Mrs. Carl
McHugh, Mrs. Claire S.

McHugh, Mr. & Mrs. Jerome
McIntosh, Mr. & Mrs. James
McKee, Mrs. Edwin D.
McKenna, Mrs. Robert
McKenzie, Donald J.
McKercher, Mrs. Eugene A.
McKerral, Mr. & Mrs. H. A.
McKinnon, Douglas A., M.D.
McKnight, Mrs. John G.
McKnight, Nancy E.

McLain, Larry G., M.D.
McLeod, Mr. & Mrs. Paul S.
McLister, Mrs. Henry
McMann, Mrs. J. Glenn
McNerney, Mary Beth
McNichols, Mayor W. H., Jr.
McNiel, Mrs. E. S.

McWhinney, Mrs. Leroy

MacDonald, Barb
MacDonald, Mrs. Ranald H.
MacKay, Mrs. Thomas
MacMillan, Mr. William W.

Mack, Caroline S.

Macomber, Mrs. H. Hilliard
Magoffin, L R.

Magruder, Mrs. M. M.

Maguire, Mrs. Charles D.

Mahn, Mrs. Holbrook
Mahnke, Dale R.

Mall, Mr. & Mrs. Vance A.
Mallory, Dr. & Mrs. Andrew
Mallory, Jane Anne
Manley, Duane
Manly, Mrs. Donn H.

Manning, Mrs. Robert
Mansfield, Mr. & Mrs. Gary
Marcott, Mrs. Marla G.
Margolin, Mrs. Margaret
Mark, Mr. & Mrs. Anson, III
Markley, Dr. & Mrs. Miles R.
Marlow, Mrs. B. L.

Marranzino, Ernest P.

Marshall, Mrs. Andrew, Jr.
Marshall, Mr. Maurice N.
Marshall, Mr. Ned
Marshall, Ra Donna
Martin, Mrs. Jane H.

Martin, Mrs. Jessie
Martino, Mrs. Paul R.

Maslin, Dr. & Mrs. T. Paul
Mason, Mrs. Ben
Matchett, Dr. & Mrs. Foster

Mather, George F.

Mathias, Mr. & Mrs. Monroe
Mathiesen, Mary A.

Matthews, Mrs. Linda
Mattson, Mr. & Mrs. William R.
Maupin, Mr. & Mrs. George R.
Maurer, Mr. & Mrs. David
Mauzey, Elaine
Maxwell, Thomas
May, Dr. Charles D.

May, Mr. Wayne H.

Mayer, Mr. & Mrs. F. R.
Mayfield, Arthur W.

Maytag, Mrs. Jean P.

Meade, Mr. & Mrs. John N.
Meadows, Gladys D.

Meakins, Mr. & Mrs. Michael D.
Medford, Menton
Meehan, Mrs. Bettie Lou
Meehen, Mrs. H.

Megrew, Alden F.

Melichar, Mrs. Roger A.
Mentgen, Glen A.

Mercer, Mrs. Gene
Merrell, Mrs. Jessie T.

Merritt, Mrs. Charles H.

Metcalf, Joyce
Metzger, John
Meurer, Malcolm R.

Meyer, Mr. & Mrs. Ben
Meyer, Dennis
Meyer, Miss Kay
Michal, Sara B.

Middlebrook, Mrs. Jane M.
Middleton, Mrs. Florence
Mikulka, Judee
Milano, Art
Mill, Mary H.

Millard, Mr. & Mrs. Richard M.
Miller, Mr. Frank
Miller, Mrs. G.

Miller, Mr. & Mrs. Joe K.

Miller, Mrs. Kenneth W.

Miller, Lucinda
Miller, Mrs. Mary Ellen
Miller, Michael
Miller, Mrs. Mott
Miller, Mr. & Mrs. Myron
Miller, Mr. Oran C.

Miller, Mr. & Mrs. William D.
Millett, Mrs. William D.

Mills, Mr. Ernest P.

Mills, James
Mills, Kyong C.

Milroy, Peg

Mimmack, Dr. Frederick W.
Mimmack, Mr. Rufus F.
Mitchel, Dr. D. H.

Mitchell, Irene
Mitchell, Jeri

Mitchell, Mr. & Mrs. John C.
Mitchell, Mrs. Samuel
Mitchell, Patricia M.

Mixa, Mrs. Edward
Mohr, Mr. Lawrence Q.
Mollerstuen, Mr. & Mrs. S. A.
Molloy, Mrs. R. W.

Molloy, Robert J.

Montgomery, Isla
Monroe, Mrs. Helen E.

Moody, Mrs. Jean B.

Moore, Barbara G.

Moore, Mr. & Mrs. Davis W.
Moore, Mr. Donald P.

Moore, Mrs. Earl R.

Moore, Fred L.

Moore, Mr. Hudson, Jr.

Moore, June B.

Moore, Mr. & Mrs. Lonny J.
Moore, Ralph R.

Moore, Robert E.

Moore, Mr. Willard J., Sr.

Moore, Mr. & Mrs. Willett S.
Morey, Mrs. Hugh C.

Morgan, Cleon J.

Morgan, Mr. Rex L.

Morgridge, Dean L.

Moritz, Chris
Morning Garden Club
Morris, Mrs. James R., IV
Morris, John R., Jr.

Morris, Mrs. Michael
Morris, Mrs. Peter R.

Morris, Mrs. Robert V.

Morrison, Mrs. George R.
Morrison, Mr. & Mrs. Graham B.
Morrison, Dr. & Mrs. John T.
Morrison, Mr. & Mrs. Robert G.
Morrison, Mr. William J.

Morroni, Mrs. A. J.

Morse, Dr. Helvise G.

Morse, Martha P.

Morse, Mrs. W. C.

Mo tie, Margaret S.

Mounsey, Harriett L.

Mountain Breeze Garden Club
Mowart, Mrs. John
Mueller, Mrs. A. Gilbert
Mueller, Mr. & Mrs. Gilbert J.
Mulder, Mrs. Jane
Mulford, Mrs. Warren E.

Mullen, Mr. & Mrs. J. Charles
Mullett, Mrs. Aidan M.
Mullineaux, Mrs. Donal R.
Munoz, R. R.

Murnane, Mrs. Leslie C.

Murphy, Dona L.

Murphy, Kathleen
Musgrave, Mrs. Frank
Myers, Thomas

Nackerud, R. H.

Nagel, Mrs. Jerome K.

Nagel, Margaret
Nakamura, Donald
Nance, Mrs. Thomas J.

Nash, Mrs. John M.

Naylor, Mrs. Ray H.

Neal, Mr. Kenneth
Ned’s Lawn Service
Neely, Miss Carol
Negri, Richard
Neil, Mrs. H. W.

Neisen, Mr. & Mrs. Michael
Nelson, Annie S.

Nelson, F. Walter & Dianne E.
Nelson, I. Janet
Nelson, Mr. R. J.

Nelson, Rauha M.

Nelson, Ruth A.

Nelson, Mrs. William E.
Nemiro, Mr. & Mrs. Jerome M.
Neusteter, Mr. Myron D.

35

Newcomet, Mrs. W. W.

Newmark, Frances C.

Newton, Mrs. Frances R.

Nichols, Mrs. Gayle

Nichols, Mr. & Mrs. Proctor W., Jr.

Nicola, Mr. Charles C.

Nicoulin, Mrs. Marita M.

Nielsen, Mr. & Mrs. Aksel
Nielsen, Larry D.

Nix, Mrs. Helen
Nix, Ms. Margaret
Nixon, Mr. & Mrs. M. E.

Nolte, Jack
Noonan, Gerard P.

Nordwind, Betty
Norgren, Mr. & Mrs. Leigh H.
Norling, Kathy
Northen, Mrs. H. T.

Novitt, Frances White
Nowick, Elaine Anne
Nuzum, Wayne B.

Obermeier, Victoria G.

O’Brien, Barbara L.

Ockerman, Mr. & Mrs. H. L.
O’Connell, Father John Q.
O’Connor, Mr. & Mrs. Gene C.
O’Donnell, G. E.

Ogawa, Mrs. Akira S.

Ogura, Alice Y.

Ohman, Margaret
Okin, Danielle
Olds, Mrs. Howard F.

Olson, George N.

O’Mara, Mrs. Thomas P.

O’Neill, Miss Maryon
Oppegard, Mrs. C. R.

Orleans, Mr. Peter
O’Rourke, Mrs. Donald H.
O’Rourke, Mrs. Donald, Jr.

Ortloff, Mr. & Mrs. C. L.
Ostrowski, Maj. L. A.

Otto, Oscar O., Jr.

Overholt, Merrill H.

Owen, Mrs. J. Churchill
Owen, Mr. James C., Jr.

Owen, Mrs. Thomas P.

Owens, Mrs. Marvin F.

Oxnard, Mr. & Mrs. B. A.

Pabst, Mr. & Mrs. Harold
Paddock, Mr. & Mrs. L. T.

Paden, Adele S.

Padilla, John B.

Page, Mr. & Mrs. Henry A.

Pagone, Lyn
Palmer, Mrs. Frances A.

Palmer, Mr. & Mrs. J. Albert
Palmer, Joyce
Palmer, Mr. Scott L.

Pankratz, Judith
Pannebaker, Mr. Frederic M.
Pankey, Mrs. Robert W.

Pankoski, Ed
Pappageorge, Ann
Papazian, Mrs. Harold A.

Park, Mrs. David
Parker, Mrs. C. O.

Parker, Mr. & Mrs. Charles T., Jr.
Parker, Zelma L.

Parks, Mr. Howard E.

Parks, Mr. & Mrs. Wilbur

Pasley, Mrs. Lee M.

Pate, Nancy Lee
Patrick, Mrs. Norman F.

Patten, Dr. & Mrs. A. M.
Patterson, Mrs. Joseph H.
Pattison, Zelda
Paul, Mr. & Mrs. Bruce
Paulino, Mrs. Mickey
Pavlitschko, Jeanette
Paynter, Mr. Richard
Payson, Mrs. E. C.

Peak, Mrs. Preston A.

Pearce, Mr. & Mrs. Wm. H., Jr.
Pearson, Robert S. & JoAnn C.
Pearson, Stephen C.

Peck, Dr. & Mrs. Mordant E.
Peltier, William H.

Penix, Dr. Lex L.

Penn, Ruth V.

Perasso, Gary C.

Perkins, Fred J.

Perlov, Alvin N.

Peros, Nicholas A.

Perreten, Arnold E.

Perrigo, Mrs. C. A.

Perry, Mr. & Mrs. Kennard P.
Perry, Lawrence J.

Perry, Dr. & Mrs. Robert B.
Pesman, Mrs. Elizabeth
Pesman, Gerard H.

Peters, Charles D.

Peters, Mrs. Emily W.

Petersen, Mr. & Mrs. Charles
Petersen, Mr. & Mrs. J. V.
Peterson, Mr. & Mrs. Donald C.
Petrick, Mrs. Albert
Pettee, Warren W.

Petty, Mrs. Thomas L.

Pew, Dr. & Mrs. David
Peyton, Mrs. J. B.

Pfaelzer, Mr. & Mrs. David
Pfister, Dean & Whitesel, M.D.
Pfluger, Mrs. Marion H.
Pfretzschner, Mrs. B. R.

Phelps, Mr. & Mrs. William
Phillips, Mrs. Edith
Phillips, Mr. & Mrs. Harry
Phipps, Mr. Allan R.

Phipps, Mr. & Mrs. Gerald H.
Phipps, Mr. Lawrence H., Jr.
Pickens, Mrs. T. H.

Pierson, Mrs. Edward D.
Pinckney, Mrs. Charles
Platts, Mr. & Mrs. Harlow C.
Plummer, Mrs. Tim Alan

Plusted, Dolores
Podolske, Emma
Polak, Mrs. M.

Polk, Mr. & Mrs. Leon A.
Pollard, Inez R.

Poole, Mr. & Mrs. W. Douglas
Pooler, Dorothy H.

Porter, Kenneth A.

Porter, Mr. & Mrs. Robert G.
Post, Mr. & Mrs. Leonard
Pote, Dr. & Mrs. Hugh L.
Potter, Mr. & Mrs. Keith
Prebble, Barbara
Price, Mrs. Max
Price, Peggy A.

Prine, Mr. & Mrs. Dale L.

Pritchard, Mrs. J. C.

Prugh, Mrs. Dane G.

Puckett, Marlyn
Pulis, Mrs. Jay B., Jr.

Putnam, Mr. V. W.

Pyeatt, Mrs. John S.

Quinette, Mr. & Mrs. Wm. H., J
Quinn, Reba M.

Quinn, Tina B. M.

Radetsky, Carol L.

Radosevich, Barbara
Rafferty, Mrs. Billie N.
Ragsdale, Jill B.

Raitz, Mr. & Mrs. Charles H.
Ramsey, Ken
Ramsey, Paul
Rank, Mrs. Martha E.

Rapp, Mrs. Nell
Rapp, Mrs. William M.

Rawles, Mrs. T. H.

Ray, Evelyn S.

Rea, Mrs. Howard
Rea, John Drayton
Rechnitzer, Mr. Paul
Redifer, Don & Cyndy
Reed, Miss Helen F.

Reed, Mr. Jack
Reed, Jeri K.

Reed, Melanie
Reeder, Ann
Reeve, Mrs. E. B.

Rench, Mr. & Mrs. Stephen C.
Rendi, Mrs. Renzo
Renick, Mrs. Duane A.

Replogle, Elsie
Reum, Mary Elaine
Reynolds, Dr. Howard C.
Rhodes, Judith
Rice, Mrs. Carroll A.

Richard, Mr. Frank
Richards, Albert V.

Richards, Mrs. Edward
Richards, Evelyn M.

Richards, Mrs. Harlan R.
Richards, Jeri
Richardson, Mrs. Alfred B.
Richardson, Mr. Robert D.
Richman, Paul & Jacqueline
Rickenbaugh, Mrs. Kent L.
Rickenbaugh, Mrs. R. L.
Ricketson, Mr. Frank H.
Ricketts, Richard M.

Ries, Mrs. Jane Silverstein
Riggs, Mrs. B. F.

Riggs, Rose Mary R.

Riley, Dr. & Mrs. Conrad M.
Riley, Mr. Joseph O.

Rinker, Virginia Dubrucq
Rippey, Mr. & Mrs. Arthur
Ritter, Mrs. C. H.

Ritter, Charles G.

Roads, Paul C.

Roan, Mrs. Philip F.

Roberts, Mrs. Ben
Roberts, Bob

Roberts, Mr. & Mrs. Brandt C.
Roberts, Gilbert F.

Roberts, Mr. Gregg C.

Roberts, Mr. John

36

Roberts, Mr. Melvin J.

Roberts, Mrs. William N.

Roberts, William R.

Robertson, Mr. & Mrs. Campbell
Robertson, Mrs. David
Robertson, Mrs. Donald
Robertson, Mr. Jack K.

Robinette, Mr. Lloyd F.

Robinson, Mrs. Arthur
Robinson, Mrs. F. George
Robinson, George J.

Robinson, Mr. & Mrs. Harold W.
Robinson, Robert R.

Rockwell, Mr. & Mrs. Bruce
Rocky Mountain Tree Experts, Inc.
Roe, Louise D.

Roeder, Clare T., Jr.

Rogers, Mrs. Edmund B.

Rogers, Lawrence S.

Rogers, Mr. & Mrs. Ranger
Rohan, Mrs. Jane D.

Rollinger, E. Alan
Rorex, Richard A.

Rose, Mr. Sam
Roseboom, Mrs. Alex
Rosenbaum, Marc
Rosenberg, Mrs. H. Lee
Rosenberry, Mr. & Mrs. Walter S.,
Rosentreter, Mr. & Mrs. L. J.
Rosner, Mr. & Mrs. Joseph A.
Rosol, Mrs. W. J.

Ross, Mrs. Julie
Ross, Mrs. K. R.

Ross, Mrs. Thompson
Rothaus, Marguerite
Rothgerber, Mr. Ira C., Jr.

Rudnick, Sherwin
Rudnick, Stanley S.

Ruesch, Mrs. Walter G.

Rumack, Drs. Barry & Carol
Rumford, Mrs. Fred K.

Rumsey, Mrs. James
Russell, Kenneth J.

Russell, Mrs. William

Russell, Mr. & Mrs. William C., Jr.

Rutledge, Dr. Enid K.

Rutter, Robert L.

Rydstrom, Mrs. Arthur G.
Rydstrom, Mrs. Donald
Rymer, Dr. & Mrs. Charles A.
Rynders, Miss Constance June

Sabbatino, Mrs. Genevieve
Sabichi, Magdelyn S.

Safford, Mrs. Edward
Sakayama, Ronald J.

Saks, Nina
Salyards, Miss Susan
Salzer, Mrs. B. F.
i Salzman, Mr. & Mrs. John D.
Sampson, John V.

Sams, Mrs. Don E.

Sangster, Mrs. R. C.

Saracino, Dr. Michael
Sargeant, Mrs. Raymond
Sarver, Leslie & Barry
Sassetti, Mr. & Mrs. Robert
Satterlee, Mr. Robert R.
Sauck, L. C.

Saunders, Mrs. Charles L.
Sauvage, Geraldine L.

Savig, Mr. & Mrs. Einar
Sawyer, Dr. & Mrs. Kenneth C.
Saxon, Miss Eva
Sayles, Mrs. Dwight R.

Scavo, Joseph J.

Schaetzel, Eugene J.

Schaetzel, Susan P.

Schaffer, O. D.

Scheierman, Mrs. Kenneth
Schell, James M.

Schiesser, Carol
Schindele, Mrs. C. H.

Schleicher, Sister Jeanne D. Arc
Schlesinger, Mrs. Herbert J.
Schlessman, Mrs. Gerald
Schloss, Alva L.

Schmausser, Mrs. William
Schmid, Rebecca A.

Schmoll, Dr. Hazel M.

Schocket, Marsha
Scholten, Mrs. William B.

Schoyer, Mr. & Mrs. Charles
Schrepferman, Mrs. C. M.
Schrepferman, Mrs. R. L.

Schroeder, Lucille
Schug, Mr. & Mrs. E. H.

Schuloff Arborist Service
III Schultz, Mrs. L. H.

Schuman, Edward A.

Schwartz, Mrs. Bruce L.

Scott, Mrs. John
Scott, Mrs. Leonora D.

Sec ore, Mikel
Secrest, Mrs. Mary
Segelke, Mrs. Wesley A.

Segelstrom, Everett P.

Seifert, Mr. & Mrs. Arthur J.

Seiler, Martha A.

Serrell, Mrs. Edw. W., Jr.

Serrell, Helen H.

Sewall, Mr. & Mrs. Joseph S.
Sexton, John R.

Shada, Joan
Shada, John, IV
Shaffer, Mrs. H. D.

Shafroth, Mr. & Mrs. Frank H.
Shander, Dr. & Mrs. David
Shankle, Mrs. T. E.

Shannon, Mr. Richard S., Jr.
Shanstrom, Robert L.

Shattuck, Mr. & Mrs. Warren
Shaw, Mrs. J. A.

Shaw, Mrs. Stuart
Shaw, Mrs. William D.

Shea, Alfred

Shearouse, Henry G., Jr.

Sheetz, Mrs. Jeanne
Sheldon, Dr. & Mrs. Paul
Shepard, Gordon Dean
Shepherd, Mrs. Marjorie L.
Shepardson, Mrs. John
Sherbok, Dr. & Mrs. Bernard C.
Shere, Dr. & Mrs. Norbert
Shevlin, Mrs. John F.

Shortt, Mrs. Fred
Shubert, Dr. & Mrs. Moras L.
Shults, Glynn

Sidwell, Mrs. William A., Jr.

Siefer, Stan & Ann
Sigafoos, Richard V. & Gretchen L.
Sikes, Margaret
Silber, Mrs. Robert L.

Silver, Mr. & Mrs. Harold F.
Silversmith, Mrs. Joseph H., Jr.
Simmons, Dr. Carolyn H.
Simmons, Virginia McConnell
Simms, Willard
Simon, Mrs. Richard H.

Simson, Mrs. George, Jr.

Sinclaire, Mrs. William
Singleton, Dr. John W.

Sinnock, Mrs. Jean
Sinow, Mrs. Louis
Sjogren, Mrs. Axel O.

Skaggs, Mr. & Mrs. Robert A.
Skinner, Susan
Skudema, Mr. & Mrs. A. W.
Sloan, Mrs. W. W.

Slusher, Thomas

Small, Cynthia

Smart, Miss Nancy

Smead, Mr. & Mrs. Burton A., Jr.

Smith, Barbara A.

Smith, Barbara F.

Smith, Mrs. Carl L.

Smith, Mrs. Chard P., Jr.

Smith, Mrs. Constance W.

Smith, Mrs. Dudley

Smith, Mr. & Mrs. Ernest M.

Smith, Mrs. Evelyn

Smith, Mr. & Mrs. James R.

Smith, Jeaneva

Smith, Dr. Jerry

Smith, Mrs. John D.

Smith, Mrs. John P.

Smith, Jonel L.

Smith, Mrs. L. Darby
Smith, Mrs. Lucy
Smith, Lynn
Smith, Margaret C.

Smith, Mrs. Marie L.

Smith, Mrs. Myron L.

Smith, Mrs. R. P.

Smith, Mr. & Mrs. Randall S.
Smith, Dr. & Mrs. Stuart W.
Snapp, Mrs. Don M.

Snare, Mr. & Mrs. William D.
Snyde, Margaret R.

Snyder, Mildred O.

Snyder, Mr. & Mrs. Willard S.
Sollars, Mr. & Mrs. P. F.

Solt, Douglas G.

Sommer, Mrs. John M.

Soronen, Arthur
Sosnay, Christine J.

Southern Hills Gardeners
Southwind Garden Club
Spade & Trowel Garden Club
Sparhawk, Mrs. R. Dale
Sperling, Margaret H.

Spitzmiller, Mrs. G. E.

Springs, Mr. Noah B.

Sproul, Mrs. Arch A.

Stacey, Mr. & Mrs. Wayne
Stackpole, Mrs. Bucky
Staedler, Teresa P.

Stange, Mrs. Ronald R.

Stanley, Mrs. Helen D.

Stanley, Mrs. Robert M.

Stanley, Mrs. William
Stanton, Mr. C. E.

Stanwood, Mrs. Jonathan R.
Starzel, Mr. & Mrs. F. J.

Stearns. Dr. Robert L.

37

Stedman, Dr. Edith
Steele, Dr. B. F.

Steele, Carol S.

Steele, Mrs. J. P., Jr.

Steele, Mrs. Paul D., Jr.

Steele, Mrs. Walter
Stein, Mr. Edwin W.

Stein, Dr. & Mrs. Hermann B.
Stephenson, Dr. & Mrs. David L.
Stephenson, Dr. & Mrs. William F.
Sterne, Charles S.

Stevenson, Mr. F. M.

Stoddart, Mrs. John
Stokes, Mrs. James E.

Stone, Dr. & Mrs. David
Stone, M. L.

Stone, Patricia C.

Storey, Dr. & Mrs. Brit A.

Story, Mr. & Mrs. Lewis
Stovall, Mr. & Mrs. James F.
Stovall, Mr. Robert G., Jr.

Strauss, Mrs. Michael
Strauss, Mable
Strickland, Mrs. Jerome
Striker, Mrs. Allan M.

Strobel, Mr. & Mrs. Russel A.
Strohm, Lois H.

Stross, Mrs. Lawrence
Stuart, Linden, III
Stults, Stanley
Suburban Garden Club
Sullivan, Mr. John J.

Sumners, Mrs. Thomas
Sunbonnet Garden Gub of Denver
Sunderlin, Caroline E.

Sussman, Mrs. P. N.

Swan, Mrs. Henry
Swan, Mr. & Mrs. Oscar E.
Swanson, Ila
Swanson, Mr. Russell E.

Sweat, Mrs. Diane M.

Sweem, Judi
Sweenes, Mrs. S. R.

Sweeney, Mrs. Bayard K., Jr.
Sweet, Mrs. William E., Jr.

Sweet, Mrs. William E., Ill
Swenson, Miss Ginny
Swift, Mr. Harry M.

Swingle, Mrs. Viola
Swingle, Inc.

Sylvester, Mr. & Mrs. Randy Kent

Sylvester, Mr. Ray

Syner, Dr. & Mrs. James C.

Taber, Caroline
Talbott, Dr. & Mrs. Richard
Talmadge, Mr. & Mrs. Frank M.
Talmage, Mr. & Mrs. E. T. H., Jr.
Tapia, Maj. & Mrs. William G.
Taplin, Mrs. Thomas E.

Tarby, Mr. & Mrs. Theodore J.
Taylor, Mrs. Carl G.

Taylor, Mrs. Erik S.

Taylor, Mildred

Taylor, Mrs. Moses

Taylor, Mr. & Mrs. Richard D.

Taylor, Sarah

Taylor, Dr. E. Stewart

Teel, Mr. & Mrs. William

Teig, Susan

Tempel, Dr. & Mrs. Carl W.
Temple, Mr. & Mrs. William G.

Tepper, Suzanne E.

Teter, Mr. & Mrs. Eugene K.
Thackrey, Mr. Richard
Thaden, Mrs. Robert
Theobald, Lois G.

Tliill, Joan
Thode, Mrs. Jackson
Thomas, Mrs. Alma M.
Thompson, Don
Thompson, LaVerne
Thompson, Margaret C.
Thompson, Mrs. Morley B.
Thompson, Mr. Myron W.
Thompson, Mr. & Mrs. Raymond
Thoms, Mrs. Arthur C.

Thurmon, Mrs. Emmett
Thurston, William R.

Tidwell, Dr. R. B.

Tierney, Mr. & Mrs. W. G.
Tiffany, Col. W. J., Jr.

Tillotson, Miss Jerry Ann
Timblin, Mr. & Mrs. Lloyd, Jr.
Timm, Mrs. Anna M.

Timm, Robert H.

Timme, Mr. & Mrs. Wilbur
Timothy, Mrs. Robert K.

Timpte, William J.

Tinney, Mrs. Roger
Tippit, Mr. & Mrs. John H.

Todd, Mr. & Mrs. D. F.

Tohill, Mr. & Mrs. Bruce
Tolin, Dorothy M.

Toll, Dr. & Mrs. Giles D.

Toll, Dr. & Mrs. Henry W., Jr.
Tolle, Mrs. Mable
Tonopah, T.

Tonsing, Mrs. Robert
Touff, Mrs. David S.

Tourney, Linda
Tourtelot, Mrs. Edna
Tracy, Mrs. Alma L.

Trainer, Mr. Leonard R.

Trainor, Mrs. M. Josephine
Trammell, James R., Jr.

Traylor, Mrs. Frank A.

Trefz, Robert
Truby, Mrs. Ralph
True, Mrs. Richard E.

Tucker, Dr. & Mrs. Warren W.
Tullis, Mrs. Robert
Tulsa Garden Center
Turner, Mr. & Mrs. John D.
Turner, Olga D.

Turnure, Mr. & Mrs. R. E.

Tuttle, Anna Jane
Twyman, Maryan
Tyndall, Don

Uhrich, Mrs. B. F.

Underwood, Arthur K., Jr.
Unterspan, Diane

Valdez, Mrs. E. J. P.

Van Amerongen, Lecia
Vander Ark, Mrs. Gary
Van Derbeek, Mrs. William
Van Etten, Mr. & Mrs. Leo W.
Van Gilder, Mrs. Dell
VanMale, Mrs. M. L.

Van Ordstrand, Mr. & Mrs. J. N.
Van Stone, Mrs. Leonard

Varco, Mrs. Joseph
Vaughan, Mr. & Mrs. David P.
Verhagen, Mr. & Mrs. Dirk
Veterito, Mrs. A. Michael
Vetting, Mr. Fred C., Jr.

Vickers, Mrs. Jack
Vickers, Mrs. Michael
Vince, Mrs. George
Visher, Mr. & Mrs. Frank N.
Visse, Sandy
Voile, Dr. Frank O.

Voss, Mary C.

Wagener, Mr. Hobart D.

Wagner, Mrs. H. J.

Wahl, Michael D.

Wakefield, Mrs. Sonua
Waldbaum, Dr. & Mrs. Marc L.
Walker, Craig & Claudia
Walker, Mrs. E. S.

Walker, Mrs. James L.

Walker, Mrs. Strother H.

Walker, Mr. & Mrs. V. Paul
Walker, Patricia B.

Wallace, James E.

Wallace, Susan E.

Wallach, Lewis
Wallbank, Mr. Stanley T.

Waller, Judith
Walter, Mr. & Mrs. H. G.

Walter, Mary F.

Walter, Mr. & Mrs. Richard W., J
Walters, Jacqueiline
Wangelin, Mrs. Hugo
Ward, Cindy L.

Ward, Nancy J.

Ward, Mrs. Orlando
Warden, Mrs. John P.

Waring, Mrs. Houstoun
Waring, Mrs. James J.

Warner, Mrs. Joyce L.

Warren, Janet C.

Warren, Mrs. M. H.

Warrick, Mrs. George
Wartes, Mrs. L. Lore
Washburne, Mrs. Theodore B.
Washucka, John
Washington Park Garden Club
Wasson, Mrs. Chester R. O.
Watson, Mrs. Frank G.

Watson, James J.

Watson, Larry E.

Watson, Mrs. Robert
Waugh, Mr. Thomas D.

Way land, Mrs. Norman L.
Waynick, Mr. & Mrs. Charles A.
Weaver, Mrs. Conant
Weaver, Elaine E.

Webb, Mrs. Charles
Webb, O. L.

Webb, Mrs. Paul E.

Weber, Mr. Otto Kurt
Webster, Mrs. Daniel P.

Wecal, Robert
Weckbaugh, Mrs. J. Kernan
Weed, Mrs. Darlene
Weiser, Mrs. F. L.

Welch, Mr. & Mrs. Ray
Weller, William J.

Wells, Miss Doris M.

Welty, Mrs. Robert S.

Welty, Walter

38

Wendell, Charlotte L.

Wendt, Mrs. J. W.

Wenzel, Dr. & Mrs. Paul
Werner, Gerald & Mari Lynn
West, William A.

Westbrook, Ellen
Westby, Mr. & Mrs. R. B.
Westerhoff, Noel T.

Weston, Mr. & Mrs. Warren
Whallon, Mrs. G. William
Whealen, Mrs. Robert B.

Wheaton, Mrs. Elizabeth L.
Wheeler, Mrs. John R. P.
Wheelock, Dr. & Mrs. Seymour E.
Wherley, Sandra K.

Wherry, Dr. Franklin P.

Whitaker, Mrs. P. D.

White, Mrs. Betty B.

White, Mr. Edward D., Jr.

White, Elizabeth Ann
White, Mrs. Ellen R.

White, Miss Exie P.

White, Mrs. James L.

White, Lawrence E., Jr.

White, Susan

White, Mr. & Mrs. William
White, William G.

Whitehead, Dr. Richard W.
Whitmore, Mr. & Mrs. Dean B.
Whitten, Gene B. & Margaret M.
Wiberg, J. L.

Wiberg, Mr. & Mrs. J. T.
Wierenga, Miss Ruth
Wierman, Miss Janet M.

Wiesner, Mrs. Laverne M.

Wilber, Mrs. Harold O.

Wilbur, Mrs. William F.

Wilcox, Mrs. Philip C.

Wild, Margaret N.

Wilfley, Mr. George M.

Wilhelm, David

Wilhelm, Mrs. Netta
Wilkerson, Ruth
Willard, E. Warren
Willett, Mr. H. L.

Willard, Dr. Beatrice E.

Williams, Miss Beatrice L.
Williams, Mrs. J. Ben
Williamson, Mr. & Mrs. David
Willing, Elaine M.

Willis, Mrs. John B.

Wilm, Christa K.

Wilm, Mrs. Katherine
Wilmore, Kenneth G.

Wilmore, Scott
Wilson, Mr. & Mrs. Earl
Wilson, Mr. & Mrs. James E., Jr.
Wilson, Mr. & Mrs. Milo V., Jr.
Wilson, Mrs. Richard M.

Wilson, Mrs. Robert L.

Winber, Mrs. Ralph
Winger, Mrs. A. W.

Winston Downs Garden Club
Winters, Miss Eileen E.

Winters, Leon A.

Witchey, Frank H. & Hester F.
Witte, Mrs. Leslie P.

Witting, Mrs. Ruth
Wittmann, Mrs. Otto
Wofford, Mr. & Mrs. Virgil B.
Wohlgenant, Mr. & Mrs. Richard
Wolcott, Dr. & Mrs. Oliver
Wolf, Dr. Elliott
Wolfe, Mr. & Mrs. James
Wolfe, Mr. Pierre
Wolff, Mr. & Mrs. Brad
Wolff, Dr. Phillip S.

Wood, Alice H.

Wood, Deborah B.

Wood, Linda
Wood, Marianne R.

Woodard, Mrs. Lorene

Woodfin, Dr. Lyle L.

Woodman, Mr. Roy E.

Woods, Mrs. Donald R.

Woods, Mr. & Mrs. Lucius
Woods, Merel O.

Woodward, David E.

Woodward, Gerald L.

Woodward, Mr. & Mrs. Lester R.
Woodward, Mr. & Mrs. Robert I.
Woodward, Wesley E.

Work, Mrs. Martin H.

Work, Susan F.

Worman, Mr. & Mrs. John G.
Wrenn, Mrs. T. W., Jr.

Wrenn, Mrs. Theodore W., Ill
Writer, Mr. & Mrs. Harold D.
Wurtsmith, June Gillette
Wurtzebach, Miss June
Wuthrich, Dr. & Mrs. F. J.
Wynkoop, Kje
Wyte, Mr. & Mrs. Steven R.

Yackey, Darlene
Yarabeck, Mrs. R. R.

Yeatts, Loraine
Young, Allen & Barbara
Young, Mrs. Arthur
Young, Maurice & Robin
Young, Dr. & Mrs. Walter C.

Zalesky, Mr. & Mrs. Richard C.
Zallen, Dr. & Mrs. Richard D.
Zalmanek, James A.

Zang, Miss Minnie

Zavitz, Mrs. Walter

Zeiner, Dr. Helen

Zellmer, Mrs. Wallace

Zimmer, Mr. & Mrs. Harold E.

Zoetway, John

Zwart, Mrs. Joe G.

Zwinger, Ann H.

m

39

Honorary Life Members

Dr. E. H. Brunquist
Mrs. William H. Crisp
Mrs. Phil Hayward
Dr. A. C. Hildreth

Mrs. Robert M. Kosanke
Mrs. Graham B. Morrison
Mrs. Charles V. Petersen
Mrs. Mary Secrest

Many years of service and loyalty are honored.

Dr. E. H. Brunquist
Honorary Life Member

Mrs. George H. Garrey
Trustee

Dr. A. C. Hildreth
Director Emeritus

at the Denver Botanic Gardens Annual Dinner, March 15, 1973

40

PHOTOGRAPHS

Cover - Frank Barrett, Wright-McLaughlin Engineers

Inside Front Cover - Denver Botanic Gardens

Pages 1, 4, 22, 40 - Joseph’s of Denver

Pages 14, 15, 16 — Helen White

Pages 26, 27, 28 - David A. Blades

Page 28 (bottom) - Industrial Expositions

NON-PROFIT

ORG.

ANNUAL REPORT

DENVER BOTANIC GARDENS
909 YORK STREET
DENVER, COLORADO 80206

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